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Violence against women - including sexual violence in crises - has reached epidemic proportions. In many conflict and post-conflict settings, women submit to sexual abuse in order to obtain food and other basic life necessities. Rape is used to brutalize and humiliate civilians, as a weapon of war and political power and as a tactic in campaigns of ethnic cleansing. Violence against women by an intimate partner or husband is reportedly common in refugee and internally displaced camps.
The violence and the inequalities that women face in crises do not exist in a vacuum but are the direct results and reflections of the violence, discrimination and marginalization that women face in times of relative peace. There are, however, particular aspects relevant to sexual violence in conflict.
This section contains links to documents relating to sexual violence in crises. Documents focusing on specific conflicts are generally available through the links on the country page.
- “You Will Be Punished”: Attacks on Civilians in Eastern Congo. Human Rights Watch, December 2009
- Vicious Circles: Sexual Violence Against Young People in Cambodia, Colombia and Northern Uganda. Children/Youth as Peacebuilders. 2009.
- Working women at risk: The links between making a living and sexual violence for refugees in Ethiopia, Women’s Refugee Commission Field Mission to Ethiopia, 2009.
- Women Raped During Bosnia and Herzegovina Conflict Still Waiting for Justice, Amnesty International, 2009. English and Bosnian
- The Security Council Open Debate Onwomen, Peace and Security - Responding to the needs of women and girls in post-conflict situations for sustainable peace and security. 5 October 2009.
- “No place for us here”: Violence against refugee women in Eastern Chad. Amnesty International. September 2009.
- Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court, Dallman A. SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security May 2009.
- Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflict , Report. Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Council of Europe, 2009
- Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Sixty-fourth session - Item 67 (a) of the provisional agenda. Promotion and protection of the rights of children: promotion and protection of the rights of children. United Nations, 6 August 2009.
- Confronting Sexual Violence in Conflict Situations, International Women’s Tribune Centre, 2009.
- Issues Brief: Masculinity and Civil Wars in Africa – New Approaches to Overcoming Sexual Violence in War.
- Conflict and sexual and domestic violence against women. McDevitt, A. Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, 2009
- Masculinity and Civil Wars in Africa - New Approaches to Overcoming Sexual Violence in War. Schaefer R., Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) 2009
- Sexual and Reproductive Health in Crises - Facilitator’s Manual, Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme in Crisis and Post-Crisis Situations in East, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Initiative, 2009
- Guns and roses: Gender and Armed Violence in Africa. United Nations Development Program & Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development. 2008
- Evaluation of UNHCR's Efforts to Prevent & Respond to Sexual & Gender-Based Violence in Situations of Forced Displacement. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, October 2008
- Evaluation of UNHCR's Efforts to Prevent & Respond to Sexual & Gender-Based Violence in Situations of Forced Displacement, UNHCR, 2008
- Young Female Fighters in African Wars: Conflict and Its Consequences. Chris Coulter, Mariam Persson and Mats Utas. Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala 2008
- Sexual Violence in Disasters: A planning guide for prevention and response, Klein, A., Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault (LaFASA) & National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2008: Full document available in English and Spanish.
- Sexual Violence in Disasters: A planning guide for prevention and response. Alisa Klein, Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault & National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2008
- Women and War. International Red Cross, Geneva, 2008
- Sexual Violence in Disasters: A planning guide for prevention and response, Alisa Klein. Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault (LaFASA) & National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), 2008
- Justice for women: seeking accountability for sexual crimes in post-conflict situations. Fride 2008
- Sexual Violence in Disasters: A planning guide for prevention and response. Alisa Klein Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual & National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2008
- Use of Sexual Violence in Conflict - OCHA meeting report, June 2008
- UNHCR Handbook for the Protection of Women and Girls, UNHCR, 2008
- Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women & Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 2008
- Getting it Done and Doing it Right, A Global Study on the United Nations-led, Monitoring & Reporting Mechanism on Children and Armed Conflict, Watchlist, 2008
- Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict : Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector, Megan Bastick, Karin Grimm, and Rahel Kunz, DCAF, 2007
- Women Building Peace and Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict-Affected Contexts - A Review of Community-Based Approaches, UNIFEM, 2007
- Policy briefing paper: Gender Sensitive Police Reform in Post Conflict Societies, UNIFEM, 2007
- Girls in fighting forces: moving beyond victimhood. Why include girls in post-conflict programmes? M. Denov, Capacity Development Web Site, Canadian International Development Agency , 2007
- Women Building Peace & Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict-Affected Contexts. Review of Community-Based Approaches. UNIFEM, October 2007
- Will you listen? Young Voices from Conflict zones, Global Youth Action Network (GYAN), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict (SRSG CAAC), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and Women’s Commission for Refugee Children and Women. 2007
- Stop Violence Against Women, Rape as a Tool of War: A Fact Sheet, Amnesty International.
- Internally Displaced People (IDP), ICRC, 2007
- 2006 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons, UNHCR, 2007
- The Shame of War: sexual violence against women and girls in conflict’, IRIN, 2007
- Sexual violence: weapon of war, impediment to peace, Forced Migration Review, Issue 27, January 2007
- Beyond Firewood: Fuel Alternatives and Protection Strategies for Displaced Women and Girls, the Women's Commission, 2006
- UNHCR Handbook for the Protection of Women & Girls, Provisional Release for Consultation Purposes, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 2006
- Overview of International Standards and Policy on Gender Violence and Refugees: Progress, Gaps and Continuing Challenges for NGO Advocacy and Campaigning, Edwards A., International Refugee Rights Conference: Panel on Gender Violence and Refugees, 17-19 June 2006, Toronto, Canada
- Bibliography on Gender-based Violence in Conflict-affected and Displaced Settings, updated 2006
- Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in War and its Aftermath: Realities, Response and Required Responses. UNFPA, 2006
- Documenting Sexual Violence in Conflict: Data and Methods - An Annotated Bibliography, Alliance for Direct Action against Rape in Conflicts and Crises (AllianceDARC), 2006
- Overview of International Standards and Policy on Gender Violence and Refugees: Progress, Gaps and Continuing Challenges for NGO Advocacy and Campaigning, Presentation by, Alice Edwards, Refugee and Migrants’ Rights Officer International Secretariat, Amnesty International to the Canadian Council for Refugees International Refugee Rights Conference: Panel on Gender Violence and Refugees 17-19 June 2006, Toronto, Canada.
- Breaking the Code: Building capacity to investigate sexual abuse and exploitation by humanitarian workers. Evaluating ICVA’s Building Safer Organsations (BSO) Project, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2006
- Violence against girls in Africa, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Holst-Roness, 2006
- The IASC Guidelines on GBV in Humanitarian Settings - Focusing on Prevention and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies 2005. Available in E, Fr and Sp
- Information Brief on Sexual Violence in Conflict and HIV/AIDS,
WHO, Department of Gender Women and Health, 2004
- Lives Blown Apart: Crimes against women in times of conflict,
Amnesty International ACT 77/075/2004, 2004
- In War as in Peace: Sexual Violence and Women’s Status,
Human Rights Watch, 2004
- Emerging Issues in Programs Serving Displaced Populations,
Beth Vann, RHRC, 2003
- Unifem- Women War and Peace Report,
The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building 2002
- If Not Now, When? Addressing Gender-Based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced, and Post-Conflict Settings, A Global Overview. Jeanne Ward. RHRC 2002
- Women Facing War,
Lindsey, C. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) , 2001
- Violence Against Women Living in Situations of Armed Conflict,
Report on a WHO/ISS workshop in preparation for the international conference : the role of health professionals in addressing violence against women, Naples, Italy 12-13 October 2000. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
- Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict: United Nations Response,
UN Division for the Advancement of Women / United Nations (UN) Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), 1998
- Sexual Violence as an International Crime,
Human Rights Watch, 1998
- Battles on women's bodies: War, rape and traumatisation in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Trenholm JE, Olsson P, Ahlberg BM. Global Public Health 2009; ePub.
- Youth and trauma: terror, war, murder, incest, rape, and suicide. Halligan FR. J Relig Health. Sep;48(3):342-52. 2009
- A narrative study of refugee women who have experienced violence in the context of war. Berman H, Girón ER, Marroquín AP. Can J Nurs Res. Mar;41(1):144-65. 2009
- Rethinking gender-based violence during war: Is violence against civilian men a problem worth addressing? Linos, N.Soc Sci Med 68(8): 1548-51. 2009
- Rape as a Weapon of Genocide. Ruby Reid-Cunningham A. Genocide Stud Prev; 3(3): 279-296. 2008
- Women, war, and violence: surviving the experience. Usta J, Farver JA, Zein L. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 17(5):793-804. 2008
- Sexual and reproductive health in conflict areas: the imperative to address violence against women. Cottingham J, García-Moreno C, Reis C. BJOG; 115(3): 301-3. 2008
- Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict, Sandesh Sivakumaran, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 18(2) 2007
- Recognising rape as torture: legal and therapeutic challenges,
Hargreaves S, The Lancet - Vol. 363, Issue 9424: 1916-1917, 2004 (registration required)
- Padmasayee Papineni, Children of bad memories,
Lancet 2003;Volume 362, Number 9386 : 825-26, 2003 (registration required)
- W. Holmes, HIV and human rights in refugee settings,
Lancet Volume 358, Number 9276, 2001 (registration required)
- Sally Hargreaves, Rape as a war crime: putting policy into practice,
Lancet, Volume 357 Issue 9258 Page 737, 2001 (registration required)
- L Shanks, N Ford et. al. Responding to rape,
Lancet, Volume 357, Number 9252, 2001 (registration required)
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SVRI
Gender and Health Research Unit
Medical Research Council, South Africa
Private Bag x385, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria
Tel: +27 12 339-8527
Fax: +27 12 339-8525
E-mail: svri@mrc.ac.za
Last updated:
5 February, 2010
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