9542089
GEJ5QDFE
1
apa
50
date
desc
2437
https://www.svri.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22NN7QJGSZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mastonshoeva%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMastonshoeva%2C%20S.%2C%20Shonasimova%2C%20S.%2C%20Gulyamova%2C%20P.%2C%20Jewkes%2C%20R.%2C%20Shai%2C%20N.%2C%20Chirwa%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Myrttinen%2C%20H.%20%282022%29.%20Quantitative%20evaluation%20of%20Zindagii%20Shoista%20%28Living%20with%20Dignity%29%20intervention%20to%20prevent%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Tajikistan.%20%3Ci%3EGlobal%20Health%20Action%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%202122994.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F16549716.2022.2122994%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F16549716.2022.2122994%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Quantitative%20evaluation%20of%20Zindagii%20Shoista%20%28Living%20with%20Dignity%29%20intervention%20to%20prevent%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Tajikistan%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Subhiya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mastonshoeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahribonu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shonasimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Parvina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gulyamova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rachel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jewkes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nwabisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Esnat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chirwa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Myrttinen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnViolence%20against%20women%20and%20girls%20%28VAWG%29%20is%20a%20major%20problem%20in%20Tajikistan%2C%20driven%20by%20conservative%20gender%20norms%2C%20the%20culturally%20ascribed%20position%20of%20young%20women%2C%20and%20poverty.%5Cn%5CnObjective%5CnWe%20evaluated%20Zindagii%20Shoista%20%28Living%20with%20Dignity%29%2C%20an%20intervention%20developed%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20reducing%20VAWG%20through%20a%20combination%20of%20gender%20norm%20change%2C%20communication%20skills%2C%20and%20income-generating%20activities%20%28IGA%29%20over%20a%20period%20of%2030%5Cu00a0months.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnThe%20evaluation%20used%20a%20mixed-methods%20approach%2C%20combining%20quantitative%20and%20qualitative%20data%20collection.%20Eighty%20families%20from%20four%20villages%20were%20enrolled%20in%20the%20intervention%20and%20surveyed%20at%20baseline%20and%20on%20three%20subsequent%20occasions.%20From%20these%20families%2C%20134%20women%20and%20102%20men%20were%20interviewed%20at%20baseline%2C%20153%20women%20and%2089%20men%208%5Cu00a0months%20later%2C%20153%20women%20and%2093%20men%2015%5Cu00a0months%20later%2C%20and%20143%20women%20and%2082%20men%2C%2030%5Cu00a0months%20after%20the%20baseline.%20Generalised%20random%20effects%20regression%20models%20were%20used%20to%20assess%20the%20trend%20in%20proportions%20or%20mean%20score%20over%20time.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnOver%20the%2030%5Cu00a0months%2C%20the%20proportion%20of%20women%20and%20men%20earning%20in%20the%20past%20month%20rose%20from%2017.9%25%20to%2056.6%25%20and%2044.1%25%20to%2072%25%2C%20respectively.%20Women%20and%20men%5Cu2019s%20gender%20attitudes%20became%20significantly%20less%20patriarchal%2C%20and%20they%20reported%20less%20harmful%20gender%20norms%20in%20the%20community.%20Women%20and%20men%20reported%20less%20male%20controlling%20behaviour%20and%20greater%20woman%20involvement%20in%20decision-making.%20Women%5Cu2019s%20reports%20of%20experience%20of%20emotional%2C%20physical%2C%20and%20sexual%20IPV%20significantly%20reduced.%20Depressive%20symptoms%20and%20suicidal%20thoughts%20reduced%20significantly%20for%20men%20and%20women%2C%20and%20self-rated%20health%20improved.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnThe%20quantitative%20findings%20are%20confirmed%20by%20the%20findings%20of%20the%20qualitative%20research%20and%20monitoring%20data.%20They%20demonstrate%20that%20Zindagii%20Shoista%20is%20a%20very%20promising%20intervention%20for%20strengthening%20gender%20relations%2C%20reducing%20IPV%2C%20and%20improving%20mental%20health%20and%20socio-economic%20circumstances%20for%20younger%20married%20women%20and%20their%20families%20in%20Tajikistan.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F16549716.2022.2122994%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221654-9716%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC9894538%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-05T07%3A07%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WNIPC2QM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Alaei%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAlaei%2C%20A.%2C%20Bromberg%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Tate%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Karimov%2C%20S.%2C%20Saidi%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Alaei%2C%20K.%20%282021%29.%20HIV%20and%20associated%20factors%20among%20female%20sex%20workers%20in%20Tajikistan%3A%20Analysis%20from%20a%20national%20bio-behavioral%20survey.%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Journal%20of%20STD%20%26amp%3B%20AIDS%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20678%26%23x2013%3B686.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0956462420984696%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0956462420984696%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22HIV%20and%20associated%20factors%20among%20female%20sex%20workers%20in%20Tajikistan%3A%20Analysis%20from%20a%20national%20bio-behavioral%20survey%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arash%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alaei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bromberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saifuddin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karimov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilshod%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saidi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kamiar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alaei%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tajikistan%2C%20a%20country%20of%20approximately%20nine%20million%20people%2C%20has%20a%20relatively%20small%20but%20quickly%20growing%20HIV%20epidemic.%20No%20peer-reviewed%20study%20has%20assessed%20factors%20associated%20with%20HIV%2C%20or%20associated%20risk%20factors%2C%20among%20female%20sex%20workers%20%28FSWs%29%20in%20Tajikistan.%20The%20purpose%20of%20the%20current%20study%20is%20to%20elucidate%20the%20factors%20associated%20with%20HIV%20status%20and%20risk%20factors%20in%20the%20Tajikistani%20context%20and%20add%20to%20the%20scant%20literature%20on%20risk%20factors%20among%20FSWs%20in%20Tajikistan%20and%20Central%20Asia.%20We%20used%20cross-sectional%20data%20from%20an%20HIV%20bio-behavioral%20survey%20%28BBS%29%20conducted%20among%20FSWs%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Tajikistan%20%28n%20%3D%202174%29%20in%202017.%20Using%20Respondent%20Driven%20Sampling%20Analysis%20Tool%20software%2C%20we%20calculated%20the%20prevalence%20of%20HIV%2C%20diagnosed%20cases%2C%20linkage%20to%20antiretroviral%20therapy%20%28ART%29%2C%20and%20the%20prevalence%20of%20syphilis%20for%20FSWs%20in%20Tajikistan.%20Prevalence%20data%20were%20adjusted%20for%20network%20size%20and%20any%20clustering%20effects%20in%20the%20network.%20Further%2C%20using%20univariate%20and%20multivariable%20logistic%20regression%2C%20we%20determined%20correlates%20of%20HIV-positive%20status.%20Results%20were%20as%20follows%3A%20Of%20all%20FSWs%20in%20Tajikistan%2C%202.6%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%201.7%5Cu20133.8%25%29%20are%20HIV%20positive%2C%202.3%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%201.4%5Cu20133.5%25%29%20are%20diagnosed%20and%20aware%20of%20their%20status%2C%20and%202.0%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%201.2%5Cu20133.1%25%29%20are%20on%20ART.%20About%205.7%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%204.5%5Cu20137.4%25%29%20of%20FSWs%20in%20Tajikistan%20have%20ever%20had%20syphilis%2C%20and%200.8%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%200.4%5Cu20131.3%25%29%20have%20active%20syphilis%20infections.%20The%20epidemic%20of%20injection%20drug%20use%20was%20found%20to%20be%20strongly%20synergistic%20with%20HIV%20infection%20as%20having%20had%20sex%20with%20a%20person%20who%20injects%20drugs%20was%20shown%20to%20be%20strongly%20associated%20with%20HIV-positive%20status%20%28OR%3A%205.2%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%202.6%5Cu201310.2%29%20in%20the%20multivariable%20model.%20While%20this%20study%20estimates%20that%20HIV%20prevalence%20among%20Tajikistani%20FSWs%20is%20relatively%20low%2C%20it%20is%20likely%20an%20underestimated%20due%20to%20selection%20and%20social%20desirability%20biases.%20To%20curb%20the%20small%2C%20but%20potentially%20volatile%2C%20HIV%20epidemic%20among%20FSWs%2C%20the%20government%20should%20consider%20targeted%20testing%20and%20linkage-to-care%20efforts%20for%20FSWs%20who%20inject%20drugs%20or%20who%20have%20people%20who%20inject%20drugs%20partners.%20Services%20should%20also%20be%20prioritized%20in%20Gorno-Badakhshan%2C%20which%20has%20a%20higher%20number%20of%20FSWs%20per%20capita%20relative%20to%20other%20regions.%20Additionally%2C%20the%20link%20between%20HIV%20and%20experiences%20of%20stigma%2C%20violence%2C%20and%20discrimination%20against%20FSWs%20should%20motivate%20advocates%20to%20protect%20Tajikistani%20FSWs%20from%20these%20experiences.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-7%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0956462420984696%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220956-4624%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC9827419%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-05T07%3A08%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HS4ADJGW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wood%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWood%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jacobs%2C%20K.%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Exploring%20the%20differences%20between%20men%26%23x2019%3Bs%20and%20women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20perceptions%20of%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan%3A%20a%20qualitative%20study.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2091.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exploring%20the%20differences%20between%20men%5Cu2019s%20and%20women%5Cu2019s%20perceptions%20of%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan%3A%20a%20qualitative%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karina%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacobs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnMost%20women%20living%20in%20rural%20provinces%20of%20Tajikistan%2C%20specifically%20Khatlon%2C%20experience%20little%20to%20no%20opportunities%20for%20education%20and%20economic%20growth%2C%20making%20them%20vulnerable%20to%20gender-based%20violence%20%28GBV%29.%20Unfortunately%20due%20to%20social%20norms%20that%20are%20bolstered%20by%20a%20patriarchal%20society%2C%20GBV%20has%20become%20tolerated%20and%20even%20normalized%20in%20rural%20areas.%20This%20study%20looks%20to%20investigate%20the%20differences%20in%20perceptions%20of%20violence%20as%20it%20relates%20to%20empowerment%20among%20men%20and%20women%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnData%20collection%20was%20done%20through%20participatory%20workshops%20and%20semi-structured%20interviews%20%28SSI%29%20that%20were%20led%20by%20Extension%20Home%20Economists%2C%20which%20lectured%20on%20gender%2C%20violence%2C%20and%20empowerment.%20Community%20Empowerment%20Drawings%20is%20a%20novel%20tool%20that%20has%20been%20used%20to%20further%20gather%20sensitive%20information%20that%20was%20not%20previously%20discussed.%20During%20this%20process%2C%20participant%20groups%20were%20asked%20to%20draw%20their%20perception%20of%20empowered%20versus%20disempowered%20women%2C%20later%20explaining%20the%20different%20characteristics%20and%20traits%20of%20both.%20Random%20participants%20across%20both%20genders%20were%20later%20contacted%20for%20a%20SSI%20to%20triangulate%20the%20data%20from%20the%20participatory%20workshops.%20This%20qualitative%20study%20implemented%20qualitative%20content%20analysis%20to%20explore%20the%20data%20inductively.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20drawings%20and%20transcripts%20from%20the%20workshops%20and%20SSIs%20included%20two%20researchers%20coding%20through%20an%20iterative%20process.%20Themes%20were%20stratified%20by%20men%5Cu2019s%20and%20women%5Cu2019s%20perceptions%20and%20codebooks%20were%20compared%20to%20ensure%20consensus.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnMen%20and%20women%20from%2012%20villages%20participated%20in%20the%20Community%20Empowerment%20Drawings%20within%20each%20workshop%2C%20with%20234%20participants%20total.%20Results%20were%20stratified%20into%20two%20categories%20which%20were%20later%20broken%20down%20into%20notable%20themes%3A%20education%2C%20employment%2C%20decision-making%2C%20marital%20status%2C%20relationship%20wellness%20and%20respect%2C%20violence%2C%20mental%20health%2C%20and%20substance%20abuse.%20Major%20findings%20illustrated%20how%20disempowered%20women%20were%20perceived%20to%20have%20more%20exposure%20to%20men%20who%20experience%20alcohol%20abuse.%20This%20study%20found%20that%20differences%20in%20perceptions%20of%20empowerment%20between%20men%20and%20women%20remain%5Cu2014with%20men%20still%20holding%20onto%20the%20traditional%20power%20structure%20within%20a%20household%20and%20women%20challenging%20gender%20roles%20and%20mobility.%5Cn%5CnConclusion%5CnFuture%20studies%20may%20find%20engaging%20communities%20through%20drawings%20will%20yield%20more%20information%20regarding%20sensitive%20topics%20rather%20than%20traditional%20instruments.%20More%20support%20and%20advocacy%20are%20needed%20in%20areas%20of%20mental%2C%20neurological%2C%20and%20substance%20abuse%20disorders%20throughout%20rural%20Tajikistan.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-3-4%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221472-6874%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7934274%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-05T07%3A08%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NXNUE4XR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wood%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWood%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jacobs%2C%20K.%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Exploring%20the%20differences%20between%20men%26%23x2019%3Bs%20and%20women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20perceptions%20of%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan%3A%20a%20qualitative%20study.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2091.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exploring%20the%20differences%20between%20men%5Cu2019s%20and%20women%5Cu2019s%20perceptions%20of%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan%3A%20a%20qualitative%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karina%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacobs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Most%20women%20living%20in%20rural%20provinces%20of%20Tajikistan%2C%20specifically%20Khatlon%2C%20experience%20little%20to%20no%20opportunities%20for%20education%20and%20economic%20growth%2C%20making%20them%20vulnerable%20to%20gender-based%20violence%20%28GBV%29.%20Unfortunately%20due%20to%20social%20norms%20that%20are%20bolstered%20by%20a%20patriarchal%20society%2C%20GBV%20has%20become%20tolerated%20and%20even%20normalized%20in%20rural%20areas.%20This%20study%20looks%20to%20investigate%20the%20differences%20in%20perceptions%20of%20violence%20as%20it%20relates%20to%20empowerment%20among%20men%20and%20women%20in%20rural%20Tajikistan.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-03-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221472-6874%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12905-021-01227-2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-28T09%3A42%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FFSDKQSE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hayes%20and%20Randa%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHayes%2C%20B.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Randa%2C%20R.%20%282018%29.%20Parts%20unknown%3A%20risk%20factors%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20in%20Azerbaijan%2C%20Kyrgyzstan%2C%20Tajikistan%2C%20and%20Moldova.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Interpersonal%20Violence%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3EePub%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28ePub%29%2C%20886260518772105.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0886260518772105%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0886260518772105%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Parts%20unknown%3A%20risk%20factors%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20in%20Azerbaijan%2C%20Kyrgyzstan%2C%20Tajikistan%2C%20and%20Moldova%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brittany%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hayes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Randa%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Extant%20research%20has%20argued%20that%20there%20are%20variations%20in%20predictors%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20%28IPV%29%20across%20nations%20and%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20examine%20country-specific%20correlates%20of%20IPV.%20Much%20remains%20unknown%20about%20factors%20that%20affect%20risk%20of%20IPV%20in%20transitional%20countries.%20Specifically%2C%20we%20explore%20risk%20factors%20for%20IPV%20among%20four%20former%20nations%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union-Azerbaijan%2C%20Kyrgyzstan%2C%20Tajikistan%2C%20and%20Moldova-with%20data%20from%20the%20nationally%20representative%20Demographic%20and%20Health%20Surveys.%20Rates%20of%20physical%20abuse%20were%20similar%20within%20Tajikistan%20%2818.96%25%29%20and%20Moldova%20%2818.38%25%29%2C%20while%20Kyrgyzstan%20%2820.62%25%29%20had%20the%20highest%20prevalence%20and%20Azerbaijan%20%289.29%25%29%20had%20the%20lowest%20prevalence.%20In%20contrast%2C%20the%20prevalence%20of%20sexual%20abuse%20was%20very%20similar%20across%20the%20four%20countries%20and%20was%20much%20lower%20%28between%201.00%25%20and%203.50%25%29%20than%20cross-national%20estimates%20of%20physical%20abuse.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EFINDINGS%20suggest%20that%20many%20of%20the%20same%20risk%20factors%20of%20IPV%20in%20developing%20and%20developed%20nations%20influence%20risk%20of%20IPV%20in%20transitional%20nations.%20Across%20the%20four%20former%20Soviet%20nations%20included%20in%20analyses%2C%20the%20experience%20of%20controlling%20behaviors%2C%20husband%27s%20alcohol%20use%2C%20and%20witnessing%20IPV%20or%20experiencing%20abuse%20during%20childhood%20were%20all%20significantly%20associated%20with%20risk%20of%20physical%20and%20sexual%20abuse%20later%20in%20life.%20Indeed%2C%20the%20intergenerational%20transmission%20of%20violence%20may%20be%20a%20cross-national%20phenomenon.%20In%20addition%2C%20equality%20in%20decision%20making%20did%20not%20have%20an%20effect%20on%20risk%20of%20physical%20and%20sexual%20violence%2C%20except%20for%20risk%20of%20physical%20abuse%20in%20Moldova.%20This%20may%20be%20due%20to%20the%20historical%20context%20of%20these%20nations.%20Taken%20together%2C%20findings%20suggest%20that%20country%20context%20may%20influence%20individual%20risk%20factors%20of%20IPV.%3Cp%20%5C%2F%3E%20%5Cn%3Cp%3ELanguage%3A%20en%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0886260518772105%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220886-2605%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.safetylit.org%5C%2Fcitations%5C%2Findex.php%3Ffuseaction%3Dcitations.viewdetails%26citationIds%5B%5D%3Dcitjournalarticle_580711_20%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-28T09%3A46%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F38DM5JC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Center%20for%20Gender%20and%20Refugee%20Studies%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECenter%20for%20Gender%20and%20Refugee%20Studies.%20%282016%29.%20%3Ci%3EBreaking%20barriers%3A%20Challenges%20to%20implementing%20laws%20on%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Afghanistan%20and%20Tajikistan%20with%20special%20consideration%20of%20displaced%20women.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Center%20for%20Gender%20and%20Refugee%20Studies.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcgrs.uchastings.edu%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2FAfghanistan_Tajikistan_Full%2520Report_Revised%25204-5-2016_FINAL_0.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcgrs.uchastings.edu%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2FAfghanistan_Tajikistan_Full%2520Report_Revised%25204-5-2016_FINAL_0.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Breaking%20barriers%3A%20Challenges%20to%20implementing%20laws%20on%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Afghanistan%20and%20Tajikistan%20with%20special%20consideration%20of%20displaced%20women.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Center%20for%20Gender%20and%20Refugee%20Studies%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Center%20for%20Gender%20and%20Refugee%20Studies%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%202016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fcgrs.uchastings.edu%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2FAfghanistan_Tajikistan_Full%2520Report_Revised%25204-5-2016_FINAL_0.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-28T09%3A29%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227KBJQ5JV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Subhiya%20Mastonshoeva%2C%20Umed%20Ibragimov%20and%20Henri%20Myrttinen%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESubhiya%20Mastonshoeva%2C%20Umed%20Ibragimov%20and%20Henri%20Myrttinen.%20%282016%29.%20%3Ci%3ELiving%20with%20dignity%3A%20Preventing%20sexual%20and%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20Tajikistan%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20formative%20research%20phase.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-12-15%5C%2FLiving%2520With%2520Dignity_25Nov.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-12-15%5C%2FLiving%2520With%2520Dignity_25Nov.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Living%20with%20dignity%3A%20Preventing%20sexual%20and%20gender-based%20violence%20in%20Tajikistan%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20formative%20research%20phase.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Subhiya%20Mastonshoeva%2C%20Umed%20Ibragimov%20and%20Henri%20Myrttinen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-12-15%5C%2FLiving%2520With%2520Dignity_25Nov.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-28T08%3A38%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228PKZ5GHF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Ci%3ETajikistan%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20September%205%2C%202023%2C%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fasia%5C%2Ftajikistan%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fasia%5C%2Ftajikistan%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tajikistan%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fasia%5C%2Ftajikistan%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-05T07%3A07%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22A6QBS9T8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Ci%3ETajikistan%20country%20gender%20assessment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Asian%20Development%20Bank.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.adb.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Finstitutional-document%5C%2F185615%5C%2Ftajikistan-cga.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.adb.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Finstitutional-document%5C%2F185615%5C%2Ftajikistan-cga.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tajikistan%20country%20gender%20assessment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Asian%20Development%20Bank%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.adb.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Finstitutional-document%5C%2F185615%5C%2Ftajikistan-cga.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GEJ5QDFE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-28T08%3A46%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Mastonshoeva, S., Shonasimova, S., Gulyamova, P., Jewkes, R., Shai, N., Chirwa, E., & Myrttinen, H. (2022). Quantitative evaluation of Zindagii Shoista (Living with Dignity) intervention to prevent violence against women in Tajikistan. Global Health Action, 15(1), 2122994. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2022.2122994
Alaei, A., Bromberg, D. J., Tate, M. M., Karimov, S., Saidi, D., & Alaei, K. (2021). HIV and associated factors among female sex workers in Tajikistan: Analysis from a national bio-behavioral survey. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 32(8), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420984696
Wood, E. A., Wilson, K. E., & Jacobs, K. D. (2021). Exploring the differences between men’s and women’s perceptions of gender-based violence in rural Tajikistan: a qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 21, 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01227-2
Wood, E. A., Wilson, K. E., & Jacobs, K. D. (2021). Exploring the differences between men’s and women’s perceptions of gender-based violence in rural Tajikistan: a qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01227-2
Hayes, B. E., & Randa, R. (2018). Parts unknown: risk factors of intimate partner violence in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Moldova. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, ePub(ePub), 886260518772105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518772105
Center for Gender and Refugee Studies. (2016). Breaking barriers: Challenges to implementing laws on violence against women in Afghanistan and Tajikistan with special consideration of displaced women. Center for Gender and Refugee Studies. https://cgrs.uchastings.edu/sites/default/files/Afghanistan_Tajikistan_Full%20Report_Revised%204-5-2016_FINAL_0.pdf
Subhiya Mastonshoeva, Umed Ibragimov and Henri Myrttinen. (2016). Living with dignity: Preventing sexual and gender-based violence in Tajikistan - Report of the formative research phase. https://www.svri.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2016-12-15/Living%20With%20Dignity_25Nov.pdf
Tajikistan. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2023, from https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/tajikistan
Tajikistan country gender assessment. (n.d.). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/185615/tajikistan-cga.pdf