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Prevalence, Nature and Impact

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Violence against women is an all-pervasive, wicked social problem plaguing humanity. Discover a range of readings to understand the extent, nature of violence against women in different countries, contexts, and its impact on lives of women.

Violence against women

Manna, S., Singh, D., Barik, M., Rehman, T., Ghosal, S., Kanungo, S., & Pati, S. (2024). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among Indian women and their determinants: a cross-sectional study from national family health survey – 5. BMC Women’s Health, 24, 363. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-024-03204-x
Stöckl, H., & Sorenson, S. B. (2024). Violence Against Women as a Global Public Health Issue. Annual Review of Public Health, 45(1), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060722-025138
Odini, F., Amuzie, C., Kalu, K. U., Nwamoh, U., Emma-Ukaegbu, U., Izuka, M., Odini, U., & Ezepue, C. (2024). Prevalence, pattern and predictors of intimate partner violence amongst female undergraduates in Abia State, Nigeria; public health implications. BMC Women’s Health, 24(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-024-03088-x
Karamitanha, F., Ahmadi, F., & Fallah Abadi, V. (2024). Geographic pattern of the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Zanjan (Iran). Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1347077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1347077
Stochero, L., & Pinto, L. W. (2024). Prevalência e fatores associados à violência contra as mulheres rurais: um estudo transversal, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 29, e20452022. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232024291.20452022
Alothman, H. M., AbdelRahman, A. R. A., Aderibigbe, S. A., & Ali, M. (2024). Risk factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) against Jordanian married women: A social ecological perspective. Heliyon, 10(10), e30364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30364
Shaikh, M. A. (2024). Prevalence, Correlates, and Trends of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Cambodia: Findings From 2014 and 2021-22 Cross-Sectional Demographic and Health Surveys. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 61, 00469580241246465. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580241246465
Shubina, O., Mshana, G., Sichalwe, S., Malibwa, D., Mosha, N., Hashim, R., Nahay, F., Ayieko, P., Kapiga, S., & Stöckl, H. (2023). The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence in young male perpetrators in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Global Health Action, 16(1), 2185967. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2023.2185967
Asraoui, A., Khassouani, C.-E., & Soulaymani, A. (2023). Prevalence, socio-demographic and economic determinants of violence against ever-married women in Morocco. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit, 29(12), 944–953. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.122
Steele, B., Martin, M., Sciarra, A., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Degli Esposti, M., & Humphreys, D. K. (2023). The Prevalence of Sexual Assault Among Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15248380231196120. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231196119
Clinnick, I., Ison, J., & Hooker, L. (2023). “Paralysed and powerless”: a feminist critical discourse analysis of ‘Drink spiking’ in Australian news media. Feminist Media Studies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2226831
Schrubbe, L., García-Moreno, C., Sardinha, L., & Stöckl, H. (2023). Intimate partner violence against women during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol for producing global and regional estimates. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02232-2
Dekel, B., & Abrahams, N. (2023). ‘I’m not the mother I wanted to be’: Understanding the increased responsibility, decreased control, and double level of intentionality, experienced by abused mothers. PLOS ONE, 18(6), e0287749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287749
Maruyama, N., Horiuchi, S., & Kataoka, Y. (2023). Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence against pregnant women in urban areas of Japan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16105-9
Beksinska, A., Karlsen, O., Gafos, M., & Beattie, T. S. (2023). Alcohol use and associated risk factors among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(6), e0001216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001216
Reza, Md. M., Rana, A. K. M. M., Morshed Khan, M. N., Safiullah Sarker, Md., Chowdhury, S., Uddin, Md. Z., Rahman, L., Chowdhury, M. E. I., Taher, Md. A., & Khan, S. I. (2023). Prevalence of HIV, risk behaviours and vulnerabilities of female sex partners of the HIV positive people who inject drugs (PWID) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. PLOS ONE, 18(6), e0286673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286673
Lokot, M. (2023). Gendered Power Struggles beyond the Male-Female Dichotomy: Syrian Mothers-in-Law Exercising Power within Patriarchal Structures. Anthropology of the Middle East, 18(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180104
Leite, F. M. C., Ferrari, B., Fiorotti, K. F., de Oliveira Pedroso, M. R., Venturin, B., Letourneau, N., & Tavares, F. L. (2023). Analysis of reported cases of sexual violence in Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, 2011–2018. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 914. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15722-8
Ayamah, P., Aheto, J. M. K., Atuahene, K. S., Annang, D. A., Nartey, D. T., Amuasi, S. A., & Abrefa‐Gyan, T. (2023). Multiple indicators of violence against female sex workers and its associated factors in Ghana: Evidence from the 2015 integrated bio‐behavioral surveillance survey cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports, 6(5), e1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1243
Macleod, C. I., Reynolds, J. H., & Delate, R. (2023). Violence Against Women Who Sell Sex in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 152483802311608. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231160847
Cornell, A., Mitchell, A., Puri, M., & Diamond-Smith, N. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic in the Nawalparasi District of Nepal: a mixed methods assessment of increased alcohol use and violence against women. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 524. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-14997-1
Jewkes, R., Chirwa, E., Alangea, D. O., Addo-Lartey, A., Christofides, N., Dunkle, K., Ramsoomar, L., & Gibbs, A. (2023). Pooled analysis of the association between food insecurity and violence against women: Evidence from low- and middle-income settings. Journal of Global Health, 13, 04021. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.04021
Azene, Z. N., Merid, M. W., Taddese, A. A., Andualem, Z., Amare, N. S., & Taye, B. T. (2023). Intimate partner sexual violence during pregnancy and its associated factors in Northwest Ethiopian women. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 797098. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.797098
Mellar, B. M., Hashemi, L., Selak, V., Gulliver, P. J., McIntosh, T. K. D., & Fanslow, J. L. (2023). Association Between Women’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Self-reported Health Outcomes in New Zealand. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e231311. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1311
Schnepf, J., & Christmann, U. (2023). “Domestic Drama,” “Love Killing,” or “Murder”: Does the Framing of Femicides Affect Readers’ Emotional and Cognitive Responses to the Crime? Violence Against Women, 107780122311581. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231158103
Adhikari, S. P., Maldonado-Rodriguez, N., Smiley, S. C., Lewis, C. D., Horst, M. D., Jeffrey Lai, C. W., Matthews, N. L., Mason, K., Varto, H., & Donkelaar, P. V. (2023). Characterizing Possible Acute Brain Injury in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: A Retrospective Chart Review. Violence Against Women, 107780122311594. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231159417
Giesbrecht, C. J., Kikulwe, D., Sato, C. L., Este, D. C., Watkinson, A. M., & Falihi, A. (2023). “I Felt Like I Was a Puppet—He’s the Master, and He’s Playing With My Life”: Newcomer Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women, 107780122311581. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231158108
Smith, E. J., Bailey, B. A., & Cascio, A. (2023). Sexual Coercion, Intimate Partner Violence, and Homicide: A Scoping Literature Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 152483802211504. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221150474
Wood, S. N., Thomas, H. L., Guiella, G., Bazié, F., Mosso, R., Fassassi, R., Akilimali, P. Z., Thiongo, M., Gichangi, P., Oumarou, S., OlaOlorun, F. M., Omoluabi, E., Khanna, A., Kibira, S. P. S., Makumbi, F., & Decker, M. R. (2023). Prevalence and correlates of reproductive coercion across ten sites: commonalities and divergence. Reproductive Health, 20(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-023-01568-1
Brown, L. J., Lowe, H., Gibbs, A., Smith, C., & Mannell, J. (2023). High-Risk Contexts for Violence Against Women: Using Latent Class Analysis to Understand Structural and Contextual Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence at the National Level. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(1–2), NP1007–NP1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221086642
Ma, N., Chen, S., Kong, Y., Chen, Z., Geldsetzer, P., Zeng, H., Wu, L., Wehrmeister, F. C., Lu, C., Subramanian, S. V., Song, Y., & Li, Z. (2023). Prevalence and changes of intimate partner violence against women aged 15 to 49 years in 53 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2021: a secondary analysis of population-based surveys. The Lancet Global Health, 11(12), e1863–e1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00417-5
Dadras, O., Hazratzai, M., & Dadras, F. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence and Children Under 5 Morbidities and Mortality in Afghanistan: Findings From a National Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(17–18), 10105–10126. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231169774
Amar Wiem, B., Hela, S., Jihen, J., Hatem, K., Narjes, K., Malek, Z., ElKoury Houcine, L., Samir, M., & Zouhir, H. (2023). Sexual violence against women in southern Tunisia: Epidemiology and risk factors. Legal Medicine, 64, 102272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102272
Signorelli, M. C., De Souza, F. G., Pinheiro Junior, R. V. B., Valente, J., Andreoni, S., Rezende, L. F. M. D., & Sanchez, Z. V. D. M. (2023). Panorama of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Brazil and its Association With Self-Perception of Health: Findings From a National Representative Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(13–14), 8453–8475. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231155141
Díaz, J.-J., & Saldarriaga, V. (2023). A drop of love? Rainfall shocks and spousal abuse: Evidence from rural Peru. Journal of Health Economics, 89, 102739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102739
Joseph, D. D., & Jones, A. D. (2023). Understanding Violence Against Women in the Caribbean Through an Exploration of Men’s Perspectives. Violence Against Women, 29(5), 1005–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221104845
Cao, J., Lee, C.-Y., Liu, X., & Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Against Chinese Women: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211030235
Kisa, S., Gungor, R., & Kisa, A. (2023). Domestic Violence Against Women in North African and Middle Eastern Countries: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 549–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211036070
Nakamura, I. B., Silva, M. T., Garcia, L. P., & Galvao, T. F. (2023). Prevalence of Physical Violence Against Brazilian Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211029410
Moshtagh, M., Amiri, R., Sharafi, S., & Arab-Zozani, M. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence in the Middle East Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211036060
McNaughton Reyes, H. L., Maman, S., Kajula, L. J., & Mulawa, M. I. (2022). Intimate partner violence perpetration and sexual risk behaviour: Identifying shared determinants among young men in Tanzania. Global Public Health, 17(11), 2792–2806. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2022.2032257
Cepeda, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., & Torralba, M. (2022). Measuring Violence Against Women: A Global Index. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19–20), NP18614–NP18638. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211037424
Wang, Y., Fu, Y., Ghazi, P., Gao, Q., Tian, T., Kong, F., Zhan, S., Liu, C., Bloom, D. E., & Qiao, J. (2022). Prevalence of intimate partner violence against infertile women in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 10(6), e820–e830. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00098-5
Laksono, A. D., & Wulandari, R. D. (2022). Violence against Pregnant Women in Indonesia. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(6), 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i6.9670
Keyser, L., Maroyi, R., & Mukwege, D. (2022). Violence Against Women – A Global Perspective. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 49(4), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2022.08.002
Wado, Y. D., Mutua, M. K., Mohiddin, A., Ijadunola, M. Y., Faye, C., Coll, C. V. N., Barros, A. J. D., & Kabiru, C. W. (2021). Intimate partner violence against adolescents and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: who is most vulnerable? Reproductive Health, 18(Suppl 1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01077-z
Potter, L. C., Morris, R., Hegarty, K., García-Moreno, C., & Feder, G. (2021). Categories and health impacts of intimate partner violence in the World Health Organization multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(2), 652–662. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa220
Agüero, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence. World Development, 137, 105217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105217
Gibbs, A., Dunkle, K., Ramsoomar, L., Willan, S., Jama Shai, N., Chatterji, S., Naved, R., & Jewkes, R. (2020). New learnings on drivers of men’s physical and/or sexual violence against their female partners, and women’s experiences of this, and the implications for prevention interventions. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1739845. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1739845
Evans, M. L., Lindauer, M., & Farrell, M. E. (2020). A Pandemic within a Pandemic - Intimate Partner Violence during Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(24), 2302–2304. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2024046

Violence against children

Niu, L., Li, Y., Bai, R., Pagán, J. A., Zhang, D., & Diaz, A. (2024). Global prevalence of violence against children and adolescents during COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 154, 106873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106873
BenYishay, A., Sayers, R., & Wells, J. (2024). Prevalence of school related violence in seven countries: A cross-sectional survey. PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0301833. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301833
Mathews, B., Finkelhor, D., Pacella, R., Scott, J. G., Higgins, D. J., Meinck, F., Erskine, H. E., Thomas, H. J., Lawrence, D., Malacova, E., Haslam, D. M., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2024). Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 147, 106562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106562
Morales-Sanhueza, J., Martín-Mora-Parra, G., & Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. (2024). Attachment Style and Emotional Regulation as Protective and Risk Factors in Mutual Dating Violence among Youngsters: A Moderated Mediation Model. Healthcare, 12(6), 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060605
Wang, J., Hatcher, A. M., & Rosenberg, N. E. (2024). Violence to resilience: structural change to protect adolescent girls. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, S2352464224001779. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00177-9
Sardinha, L., Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu, I., Maheu-Giroux, M., & García-Moreno, C. (2024). Intimate partner violence against adolescent girls: regional and national prevalence estimates and associated country-level factors. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, S2352464224001457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00145-7
Amene, E. W., Annor, F. B., Gilbert, L. K., McOwen, J., Augusto, A., Manuel, P., N’gouanma Nobah, M. T. V., & Massetti, G. M. (2023). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicountry analysis of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS). Child Abuse & Neglect, 106353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106353
Miedema, S. S., Chiang, L., Annor, F. B., & Achia, T. (2023). Cross-time comparison of adverse childhood experience patterns among Kenyan youth: Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, 2010 and 2019. Child Abuse & Neglect, 141, 106153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106153
Helmus, L. M., & Kyne, A. (2023). Prevalence, Correlates, and Sequelae of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) among Indigenous Canadians: Intersections of Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(9), 5727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095727
Ndugga, P., Kwagala, B., Wandera, S. O., Kisaakye, P., Mbonye, M. K., & Ngabirano, F. (2023). “If your mother does not teach you, the world will…”: a qualitative study of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues in Border districts of eastern Uganda. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 678. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15562-6
Žukauskienė, R., Bakaitytė, A., Kaniušonytė, G., Segal, A., Ustinavičiūtė-Klenauskė, L., & Santtila, P. (2023). The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse assessed in young adults in Lithuania. Child Abuse & Neglect, 138, 106061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106061
Miller, M., Jones, V., Walter, C., & Manning Ryan, L. (2023). Epidemiology of Injuries to Early Adolescents from Family Violence Evaluated in an Urban Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatric Emergency Care, 39(3), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002891
Ritterbusch, A. E., Liévano-Karim, L., Budker, R., Meyer, S. R., Boothby, N., Mugumya, F., Bangirana, C., Opobo, T., Ampumuza, D., Bosco Apota, J., Mbabazi, C., Nabukenya, C., Kayongo, A., & Ssembatya, F. (2023). Child-led resistance in the streets of the global south: Decolonial perspectives of violence against children outside of family care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 143, 106278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106278
Kavenagh, M., Hua, N., & Wekerle, C. (2023). Sexual exploitation of children: Barriers for boys in accessing social supports for victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 142, 106129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106129
Nyandwi, A., Munyanshongore, C., Nyirazinyoye, L., Ndola, P., & Perren-Klingler, G. (2023). Correlates of emotional violence against children in Rwanda: Findings from a cross-sectional national survey. PloS One, 18(6), e0286788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286788
Ferragut, M., Ortiz-Tallo, M., & Blanca, M. J. (2022). Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Spain: A Representative Sample Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21–22), NP19358–NP19377. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211042804
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Colburn, D. (2022). Prevalence of Online Sexual Offenses Against Children in the US. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2234471. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.34471
Pan, Y., Lin, X., Liu, J., Zhang, S., Zeng, X., Chen, F., & Wu, J. (2021). Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse Among Women Using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Worldwide Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(5), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020912867
de Oliveira, S. M. T., Galdeano, E. A., da Trindade, E. M. G. G., Fernandez, R. S., Buchaim, R. L., Buchaim, D. V., da Cunha, M. R., & Passos, S. D. (2021). Epidemiological Study of Violence against Children and Its Increase during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910061
Wado, Y. D., Mutua, M. K., Mohiddin, A., Ijadunola, M. Y., Faye, C., Coll, C. V. N., Barros, A. J. D., & Kabiru, C. W. (2021). Intimate partner violence against adolescents and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: who is most vulnerable? Reproductive Health, 18(Suppl 1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01077-z
Cappa, C., & Jijon, I. (2021). COVID-19 and violence against children: A review of early studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 116(Pt 2), 105053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105053
Rumble, L., Febrianto, R. F., Larasati, M. N., Hamilton, C., Mathews, B., & Dunne, M. P. (2020). Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(2), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018767932
Kidman, R., & Kohler, H.-P. (2020). Emerging partner violence among young adolescents in a low-income country: Perpetration, victimization and adversity. PloS One, 15(3), e0230085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230085
Nguyen, K. H., Kress, H., Villaveces, A., & Massetti, G. M. (2019). Sampling design and methodology of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 25(4), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042916
Chandraratne, N. K., Fernando, A. D., & Gunawardena, N. (2018). Physical, sexual and emotional abuse during childhood: Experiences of a sample of Sri Lankan Young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 81, 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.004
Ma, Y. (2018). Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse in China: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425944
Meinck, F., Fry, D., Ginindza, C., Wazny, K., Elizalde, A., Spreckelsen, T. F., Maternowska, M. C., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes. Journal of Global Health, 7(1), 010410. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.010410
Sumner, S. A., Mercy, J. A., Buluma, R., Mwangi, M. W., Marcelin, L. H., Kheam, T., Lea, V., Brookmeyer, K., Kress, H., & Hillis, S. D. (2016). Childhood Sexual Violence Against Boys: A Study in 3 Countries. Pediatrics, 137(5), e20153386. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3386
Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20154079. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4079
Kloppen, K., Haugland, S., Svedin, C. G., Mæhle, M., & Breivik, K. (2016). Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in the Nordic Countries: A Literature Review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(1), 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1108944
Bhilwar, M., Upadhyay, R. P., Rajavel, S., Singh, S. K., Vasudevan, K., & Chinnakali, P. (2015). Childhood Experiences of Physical, Emotional and Sexual Abuse among College Students in South India. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 61(5), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv037
Castelli, B., Festa, F., Di Sanzo, M. A., Guala, A., & Pellai, A. (2015). Prevalence of child sexual abuse: a comparison among 4 Italian epidemiological studies. La Pediatria Medica E Chirurgica: Medical and Surgical Pediatrics, 37(2), pmc.2015.114. https://doi.org/10.4081/pmc.2015.114
Langeland, W., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Mager, D., Smit, J. H., & Draijer, N. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse by representatives of the Roman Catholic Church: a prevalence estimate among the Dutch population. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.009
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