9542089
RH29KUGJ
1
apa
50
date
desc
2461
https://www.svri.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22VC57EHA4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Laurenzi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELaurenzi%2C%20C.%2C%20Mwamba%2C%20C.%2C%20Busakhwe%2C%20C.%2C%20Mutambo%2C%20C.%2C%20Mupakile%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Toska%2C%20E.%20%282024%29.%20Social%20scripts%20of%20violence%20among%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20in%20Zambia%3A%20Exploring%20how%20gender%20norms%20and%20social%20expectations%20are%20activated%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20violence.%20%3Ci%3ESocial%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E356%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20117133.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2024.117133%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2024.117133%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Social%20scripts%20of%20violence%20among%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20in%20Zambia%3A%20Exploring%20how%20gender%20norms%20and%20social%20expectations%20are%20activated%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20violence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laurenzi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chanda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mwamba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chuma%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Busakhwe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chipo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mutambo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eugene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mupakile%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elona%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toska%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20ages%2015%5Cu201324%20experience%20high%20rates%20of%20gender-based%20violence%20%28GBV%29%2C%20underpinned%20by%20gender%20and%20social%20norms%20that%20shape%20their%20transitions%20to%20adulthood.%20For%20interventions%20that%20seek%20to%20leverage%20and%20build%20on%20existing%20infrastructure%20for%20health%20service%20provision%2C%20it%20is%20important%20to%20understand%20how%20gender%20norms%20operate%20in%20the%20background%20and%20how%20they%20shape%20service%20engagement%20or%20non-engagement.%20In%20formative%20work%20for%20our%20project%2C%20Screen%20%26%20Support%2C%20outside%20of%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia%2C%20we%20engaged%20in%20community%20conversations%20with%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20to%20understand%20common%20types%20and%20experiences%20of%20violence%2C%20perceptions%20of%20what%20causes%20violence%2C%20and%20pathways%20to%20post-violence%20service%20access.%20This%20manuscript%20explores%20emerging%20findings%20surrounding%20social%20and%20gender%20norms.%20We%20engaged%20n%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a012%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20ages%2015%5Cu201324%2C%20including%20survivors%20of%20GBV%2C%20young%20women%20living%20with%20HIV%2C%20and%20young%20married%20women%20in%20separate%20conversations%20conducted%20in%20a%20mix%20of%20Nyanja%2C%20Bemba%2C%20and%20English.%20Arts-based%20activities%20accompanied%20guided%20focus%20group%20discussions.%20Translated%20transcripts%20were%20coded%20and%20thematically%20analysed%20by%20two%20authors%20using%20Dedoose%20software.%20Key%20themes%20emerged%20around%20two%20major%20themes%5Cu2014understanding%20the%20norms%20underpinning%20violence%2C%20and%20observing%20how%20these%20norms%20were%20activated%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20violence.%20Sub-themes%20focused%20on%20power%20differentials%20supporting%20violence%2C%20social%20expectations%20and%20community-enacted%20sanctions%2C%20and%20understanding%20dominant%20norms%20and%20assumptions.%20Considering%20what%20unfolded%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20violence%2C%20young%20women%20participants%20considered%20key%20reference%20groups%20upholding%20norms%2C%20explored%20the%20contexts%20where%20norms%20may%20be%20contested%20or%20become%20more%20complicated%2C%20and%20described%20how%20accepting%20silence%20was%20a%20common%20means%20of%20closure.%20We%20discuss%20the%20implications%20of%20these%20findings%20for%20programme%20design%2C%20delivery%2C%20and%20evaluation%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20potential%2C%20and%20roadmap%2C%20for%20shifting%20norms%20that%20negative%20affect%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2024.117133%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220277-9536%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0277953624005860%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-02T09%3A53%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N2CH4QNM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moon%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMoon%2C%20C.%2C%20Lim%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kim%2C%20Y.%20%282023%29.%20Domestic%20violence%20towards%20children%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic.%20%3Ci%3EPublic%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E221%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2017%26%23x2013%3B22.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.puhe.2023.05.008%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.puhe.2023.05.008%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Domestic%20violence%20towards%20children%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chungshik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sijeong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Youngwan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objectives%5CnAlthough%20research%20has%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20has%20increased%20the%20likelihood%20of%20children%20experiencing%20domestic%20abuse%2C%20few%20empirical%20studies%20have%20focused%20on%20the%20most%20vulnerable%20communities%20in%20developing%20countries.%20This%20study%20aimed%20to%20evaluate%20the%20impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20on%20domestic%20violence%20towards%20children%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia.%5Cn%5CnStudy%20design%5CnIn%20collaboration%20with%20an%20international%20non-governmental%20organisation%20%28NGO%29%2C%20an%20original%20door-to-door%20survey%20of%20842%20children%20and%20their%20parents%20%28or%20adult%20guardians%29%20was%20conducted%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia.%20The%20survey%20sites%20were%20carefully%20selected%20to%20target%20economically%20underprivileged%20communities%20with%20the%20presence%20of%20NGOs%20as%20well%20as%20those%20without.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnUsing%20multivariate%20regression%20analysis%20of%20child%20and%20parent%20survey%20responses%2C%20we%20attempted%20to%20identify%20how%20parents%27%20experiences%20of%20COVID-19%20affected%20children%27s%20exposure%20to%20domestic%20violence.%20Our%20analysis%20of%20domestic%20violence%20included%20both%20emotional%20%28psychological%29%20and%20physical%20violence.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnChildren%20from%20households%20whose%20guardians%20perceived%20a%20strongly%20negative%20effect%20of%20COVID-19%20were%20more%20likely%20to%20experience%20domestic%20violence.%20The%20correlation%20was%20statistically%20significant%20for%20both%20emotional%20and%20physical%20violence.%20In%20Kenya%2C%20children%20in%20communities%20with%20NGO%20presence%20were%20less%20likely%20to%20experience%20domestic%20violence.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnThe%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20has%20exposed%20children%20to%20an%20increased%20risk%20of%20experiencing%20domestic%20violence.%20Children%20from%20underprivileged%20communities%20in%20developing%20countries%20are%20particularly%20vulnerable%20to%20such%20risk%2C%20as%20they%20tend%20to%20lack%20social%20support%20from%20communities%20and%20governments.%20International%20organisations%20must%20pay%20more%20attention%20to%20these%20children%20during%20the%20pandemic.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-8%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.puhe.2023.05.008%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220033-3506%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10183627%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-31T10%3A14%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SR74HS4V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Phiri%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-05-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPhiri%2C%20M.%2C%20Namayawa%2C%20S.%2C%20Sianyeuka%2C%20B.%2C%20Sikanyiti%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lemba%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Determinants%20of%20spousal%20physical%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Zambia%3A%20a%20multilevel%20analysis.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20934.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15927-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15927-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Determinants%20of%20spousal%20physical%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Zambia%3A%20a%20multilevel%20analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Million%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phiri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sibongile%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Namayawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sianyeuka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Palver%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikanyiti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Musonda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lemba%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnViolence%20against%20women%20and%20girls%20is%20a%20major%20public%20health%20issue%2C%20a%20violation%20of%20human%20rights%2C%20and%20is%20linked%20to%20a%20number%20of%20harmful%20effects%20on%20one%5Cu2019s%20physical%2C%20mental%2C%20sexual%2C%20and%20reproductive%20health.%20Studies%20conducted%20in%20other%20parts%20of%20sub-Saharan%20Africa%20%28SSA%29%20suggest%20that%20there%20is%20an%20association%20between%20contextual%20factors%20and%20experience%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence.%20However%2C%20in%20Zambia%2C%20this%20association%20is%20not%20well%20documented.%20Thus%2C%20this%20study%20was%20conducted%20to%20examine%20how%20individual%20and%20community-level%20characteristics%20influence%20spousal%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Zambia.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnData%20from%20the%20most%20recent%20Zambia%20Demographic%20and%20Health%20Survey%20conducted%20in%202018%20was%20used.%20A%20sample%20of%207%2C358%20ever-married%20women%20aged%2015%5Cu201349%20years%20was%20used%20in%20the%20analysis.%20Two%20level%20multilevel%20binary%20logistic%20regression%20models%20were%20employed%20to%20examine%20the%20association%20between%20individual%20and%20contextual-level%20factors%20and%20experience%20of%20spousal%20violence.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnThe%20prevalence%20of%20spousal%20physical%20violence%20against%20women%20in%20Zambia%20was%2021.1%25%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%2019.8%2C%2022.5%5D.%20Women%20aged%2015%5Cu201319%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20092.36%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.34%5Cu20134.14%5D%20and%2020%5Cu201324%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20092.11%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.38%5Cu20133.22%5D%2C%20who%20did%20not%20own%20mobile%20phone%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.36%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.10%5Cu20131.69%5D%2C%20and%20had%20low%20decision%20making%20autonomy%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.24%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.01%5Cu20131.54%5D%20were%20more%20likely%20experience%20spousal%20physical%20violence.%20Furthermore%2C%20communities%20which%20had%20a%20low%20proportion%20of%20women%20with%20decision%20making%20power%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.66%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.26%5Cu20132.19%5D%20were%20more%20likely%20experience%20spousal%20physical%20violence.%20Additionally%2C%20women%20whose%20partners%5Cu2019%20drank%20alcohol%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20092.81%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20092.30%5Cu20133.45%5D%20and%20those%20whose%20partners%20exhibited%20jealous%20behaviour%20%5BaOR%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20092.38%2C%2095%25%20CI%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu20091.88%5Cu20133.21%5D%20were%20more%20likely%20to%20experience%20spousal%20physical%20violence.%5Cn%5CnConclusion%5CnBoth%20individual%20and%20community-level%20factors%20influenced%20spousal%20physical%20violence%20in%20Zambia.%20Integrating%20community%20level%20factors%20when%20designing%20interventions%20to%20address%20gender-based%20would%20be%20key%20to%20reduce%20women%5Cu2019s%20vulnerability%20to%20gender%20based%20violence%20in%20the%20country.%20There%20is%20need%20to%20re-evaluate%20and%20re-strategize%20current%20strategies%20being%20implemented%20to%20address%20gender%20based%20violence%20in%20the%20country%20to%20make%20them%20context%20specific.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-5-23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15927-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2458%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10204199%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-31T10%3A13%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226DZR9MFS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kok%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKok%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20Kakal%2C%20T.%2C%20Kassegne%2C%20A.%20B.%2C%20Hidayana%2C%20I.%20M.%2C%20Munthali%2C%20A.%2C%20Menon%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Pires%2C%20P.%2C%20Gitau%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20van%20der%20Kwaak%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Drivers%20of%20child%20marriage%20in%20specific%20settings%20of%20Ethiopia%2C%20Indonesia%2C%20Kenya%2C%20Malawi%2C%20Mozambique%20and%20Zambia%20%26%23x2013%3B%20findings%20from%20the%20Yes%20I%20Do%21%20baseline%20study.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20794.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15697-6%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15697-6%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Drivers%20of%20child%20marriage%20in%20specific%20settings%20of%20Ethiopia%2C%20Indonesia%2C%20Kenya%2C%20Malawi%2C%20Mozambique%20and%20Zambia%20%5Cu2013%20findings%20from%20the%20Yes%20I%20Do%21%20baseline%20study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maryse%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kok%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tasneem%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kakal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abeje%20Berhanu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kassegne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irwan%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hidayana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alister%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Munthali%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20Anitha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Menon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paulo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pires%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tabither%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gitau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Kwaak%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnChild%20marriage%20persists%20in%20many%20countries%20and%20has%20severe%20impacts%20on%20health%2C%20education%2C%20economic%20and%20social%20status%20of%20girls.%20Child%20marriage%20has%20many%20interlinked%20causes.%20This%20study%20aimed%20to%20explore%20the%20drivers%20of%20child%20marriage%20in%20specific%20contexts%20in%20Ethiopia%2C%20Indonesia%2C%20Kenya%2C%20Malawi%2C%20Mozambique%20and%20Zambia.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnThe%20study%20combined%20a%20household%20survey%20among%20youth%20%2815-24%20years%29%20with%20focus%20group%20discussions%20and%20interviews%20conducted%20with%20youth%20%2815-24%20years%29%20and%20parents.%20A%20variety%20of%20community%20stakeholders%20were%20interviewed%20as%20well.%20Logistic%20regression%20was%20done%20to%20explore%20associations%20between%20individual%20and%20family-level%20characteristics%20of%20young%20women%20and%20the%20occurrence%20of%20child%20marriage.%20Transcripts%20were%20analysed%20using%20an%20inductive%20approach.%20Narratives%20on%20the%20main%20drivers%20of%20child%20marriage%20across%20study%20contexts%20were%20written%20and%20inspired%20by%20the%20theory%20of%20normative%20spectrum.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnA%20lack%20of%20education%20was%20associated%20with%20the%20occurrence%20of%20child%20marriage%20in%20Ethiopia%2C%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia.%20In%20all%20countries%2C%20teenage%20pregnancy%20was%20associated%20with%20child%20marriage.%20In%20Ethiopia%2C%20Kenya%20and%20Mozambique%2C%20fathers%5Cu2019%20education%20seemed%20a%20protective%20factor%20for%20child%20marriage.%20Narratives%20of%20study%20participants%20showed%20that%20in%20Ethiopia%2C%20Indonesia%20and%20%28to%20a%20lesser%20extent%29%20Kenya%2C%20child%20marriage%20was%20perceived%20as%20an%20%5Cu2018appropriate%20practice%5Cu2019%20to%20avoid%20premarital%20sex%20or%20pregnancy%2C%20whether%20it%20involved%20sex%20with%20or%20without%20consent.%20In%20all%20countries%2C%20child%20marriage%20was%20driven%20by%20difficult%20economic%20circumstances%2C%20which%20were%20often%20intertwined%20with%20disapproved%20social%20circumstances%2C%20in%20particular%20teenage%20pregnancy%2C%20in%20case%20of%20Kenya%2C%20Malawi%2C%20Mozambique%20and%20Zambia.%20These%20circumstances%20made%20child%20marriage%20an%20%5Cu2018acceptable%20practice%5Cu2019.%20Some%20youth%2C%20particularly%20in%20Indonesia%2C%20made%20their%20own%20choices%20to%20marry%20early%2C%20making%20child%20marriage%20a%20%5Cu2018possible%20practice%5Cu2019.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnMultiple%20intersecting%20drivers%2C%20which%20were%20present%20in%20different%20degrees%20in%20each%20country%20setting%2C%20influenced%20the%20occurrence%20of%20child%20marriage.%20We%20found%20that%20child%20marriage%20is%20a%20manifestation%20of%20social%20norms%2C%20particularly%20related%20to%20girls%5Cu2019%20sexuality%2C%20which%20are%20intersecting%20with%20other%20factors%20at%20individual%2C%20social%2C%20material%2C%20and%20institutional%20level%20%5Cu2013%20most%20prominently%20poverty%20or%20economic%20constraints.%20Child%20marriage%20was%2C%20in%20some%20cases%2C%20a%20result%20of%20girls%5Cu2019%20agentic%20choices.%20Efforts%20to%20prevent%20child%20marriage%20need%20to%20take%20these%20realities%20of%20girls%20and%20their%20families%20into%20account.%5Cn%5CnSupplementary%20Information%5CnThe%20online%20version%20contains%20supplementary%20material%20available%20at%2010.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15697-6.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-4-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12889-023-15697-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2458%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10141833%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-31T10%3A14%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ARMV3AH6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nguyen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-10-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENguyen%2C%20K.%20H.%2C%20Padilla%2C%20M.%2C%20Villaveces%2C%20A.%2C%20Patel%2C%20P.%2C%20Atuchukwu%2C%20V.%2C%20Onotu%2C%20D.%2C%20Apondi%2C%20R.%2C%20Aluzimbi%2C%20G.%2C%20Chipimo%2C%20P.%2C%20Kancheya%2C%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kress%2C%20H.%20%282019%29.%20Coerced%20and%20forced%20sexual%20initiation%20and%20its%20association%20with%20negative%20health%20outcomes%20among%20youth%3A%20Results%20from%20the%20Nigeria%2C%20Uganda%2C%20and%20Zambia%20Violence%20Against%20Children%20Surveys.%20%3Ci%3EChild%20Abuse%20%26amp%3B%20Neglect%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E96%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20104074.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chiabu.2019.104074%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chiabu.2019.104074%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coerced%20and%20forced%20sexual%20initiation%20and%20its%20association%20with%20negative%20health%20outcomes%20among%20youth%3A%20Results%20from%20the%20Nigeria%2C%20Uganda%2C%20and%20Zambia%20Violence%20Against%20Children%20Surveys%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kimberly%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nguyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mabel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Padilla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andr%5Cu00e9s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villaveces%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pragna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atuchukwu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dennis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Onotu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rose%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Apondi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aluzimbi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chipimo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nzali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kancheya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Howard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kress%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Introduction%5CnCoerced%20and%20forced%20sexual%20initiation%20%28FSI%29%20can%20have%20detrimental%20effects%20on%20children%20and%20youth.%20Understanding%20health%20outcomes%20that%20are%20associated%20with%20experiences%20of%20FSI%20is%20important%20for%20developing%20appropriate%20strategies%20for%20prevention%20and%20treatment%20of%20FSI%20and%20its%20consequences.%5CnMethods%5CnThe%20Violence%20Against%20Children%20Surveys%20were%20conducted%20in%20Nigeria%2C%20Uganda%2C%20and%20Zambia%20in%202014%20and%202015.%20We%20examined%20the%20prevalence%20of%20FSI%20and%20its%20consequences%20%28sexual%20high-risk%20behaviors%2C%20violence%20experiences%2C%20mental%20health%20outcomes%2C%20and%20sexually%20transmitted%20infections%20%28STI%29%29%20associated%20with%20FSI%20among%20youth%20aged%2013%5Cu201324%20years%20in%20three%20countries%20in%20sub-Saharan%20Africa.%5CnResults%5CnOver%20one%20in%20ten%20youth%20aged%2013%5Cu201324%20years%20who%20had%20ever%20had%20sex%20experienced%20FSI%20in%20Nigeria%2C%20Uganda%2C%20and%20Zambia.%20In%20multivariable%20logistic%20regression%2C%20FSI%20was%20significantly%20associated%20with%20infrequent%20condom%20use%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f1.4%2C%2095%25CI%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f1.1%5Cu20132.1%29%2C%20recent%20experiences%20of%20sexual%20violence%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f1.6%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.1%5Cu20132.3%29%2C%20physical%20violence%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f2.2%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.6%5Cu20133.0%29%2C%20and%20emotional%20violence%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f2.0%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.3%5Cu20132.9%29%2C%20moderate%5C%2Fserious%20mental%20distress%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f1.5%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.1%5Cu20132.0%29%2C%20hurting%20oneself%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f2.0%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.3%5Cu20133.1%29%2C%20and%20thoughts%20of%20suicide%20%28OR%5Cu202f%3D%5Cu202f1.5%2C%2095%25CI%3A%201.1%5Cu20132.3%29%2C%20after%20controlling%20for%20demographic%20characteristics.%20FSI%20was%20not%20statistically%20associated%20with%20engaging%20in%20transactional%20sex%2C%20having%20multiple%20sex%20partners%2C%20or%20having%20a%20STI.%5CnConclusion%5CnFSI%20is%20associated%20with%20infrequent%20condom%20use%2C%20recent%20experiences%20of%20violence%20and%20mental%20health%20outcomes%20among%20youth%20in%20sub-Saharan%20Africa%2C%20which%20may%20increase%20the%20risk%20for%20HIV%20and%20other%20consequences.%20Developing%20strategies%20for%20prevention%20is%20important%20for%20reducing%20the%20prevalence%20of%20FSI%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20children%20and%20youth.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-10-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.chiabu.2019.104074%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220145-2134%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0145213419302510%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PKZVFHPB%22%2C%22DG26ITVM%22%2C%22RH29KUGJ%22%2C%22SWE8BR2S%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-12T10%3A53%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229XPHAPNR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jill%20Keesbury%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-03-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJill%20Keesbury%2C%20Mary%20Zama%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sudha%20Shreeniwas.%20%282019%29.%20%3Ci%3EThe%20copperbelt%20model%20of%20integrated%20care%20for%20survivors%20of%20rape%20and%20defilement%3A%20Testing%20the%20feasibility%20of%20police%20provision%20of%20emergency%20contraceptive%20pills.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Population%20Council.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fknowledgecommons.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fdepartments_sbsr-rh%5C%2F182%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fknowledgecommons.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fdepartments_sbsr-rh%5C%2F182%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20copperbelt%20model%20of%20integrated%20care%20for%20survivors%20of%20rape%20and%20defilement%3A%20Testing%20the%20feasibility%20of%20police%20provision%20of%20emergency%20contraceptive%20pills.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jill%20Keesbury%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Mary%20Zama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Sudha%20Shreeniwas%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Population%20Council%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%20March%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fknowledgecommons.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fdepartments_sbsr-rh%5C%2F182%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A09%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WRZCM9FX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Luisa%20Natali%3B%20Fidelia%20Dake%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELuisa%20Natali%3B%20Fidelia%20Dake.%20%282019%29.%20%3Ci%3EInnocenti%20research%20brief%3A%20exploring%20the%20potential%20of%20cash%20transfers%20to%20delay%20early%20marriage%20and%20pregnancy%20among%20youth%20in%20Malawi%20and%20Zambia.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Unicef.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2F1018-exploring-potential-of-cash-transfers-to-delay-early-marriage-pregnancy-malawi-zambia.html%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2F1018-exploring-potential-of-cash-transfers-to-delay-early-marriage-pregnancy-malawi-zambia.html%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Innocenti%20research%20brief%3A%20exploring%20the%20potential%20of%20cash%20transfers%20to%20delay%20early%20marriage%20and%20pregnancy%20among%20youth%20in%20Malawi%20and%20Zambia.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Luisa%20Natali%3B%20Fidelia%20Dake%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Unicef%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2F1018-exploring-potential-of-cash-transfers-to-delay-early-marriage-pregnancy-malawi-zambia.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T10%3A52%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZV83CS2A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22o%20Dr.%20Chabila%20C.%20Mapoma%2C%20Mr.%20Iven%20Sikanyiti%2C%20Mr.%20Nkuye%20Moyo%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3Eo%20Dr.%20Chabila%20C.%20Mapoma%2C%20Mr.%20Iven%20Sikanyiti%2C%20Mr.%20Nkuye%20Moyo.%20%282018%29.%20%3Ci%3EViolence%20against%20Children%20in%20Zambia%3A%20Findings%20from%20a%20national%20survey%2C%202014.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef.org%5C%2Fzambia%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Funicef.org.zambia%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2F2018-11%5C%2FBinder%2520EMAIL%2520thursday%2520NEW.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef.org%5C%2Fzambia%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Funicef.org.zambia%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2F2018-11%5C%2FBinder%2520EMAIL%2520thursday%2520NEW.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Violence%20against%20Children%20in%20Zambia%3A%20Findings%20from%20a%20national%20survey%2C%202014.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22o%20Dr.%20Chabila%20C.%20Mapoma%2C%20Mr.%20Iven%20Sikanyiti%2C%20Mr.%20Nkuye%20Moyo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.unicef.org%5C%2Fzambia%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Funicef.org.zambia%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2F2018-11%5C%2FBinder%2520EMAIL%2520thursday%2520NEW.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A45%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222HE8P5KM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Munro-Kramer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMunro-Kramer%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20Scott%2C%20N.%2C%20Boyd%2C%20C.%20J.%2C%20Veliz%2C%20P.%20T.%2C%20Murray%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Musonda%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lori%2C%20J.%20R.%20%282018%29.%20Postpartum%20physical%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20women%20in%20rural%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Journal%20of%20Gynaecology%20and%20Obstetrics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E143%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20199%26%23x2013%3B204.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fijgo.12654%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fijgo.12654%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Postpartum%20physical%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20women%20in%20rural%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michelle%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Munro-Kramer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nancy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carol%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veliz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gertrude%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musonda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jody%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lori%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20examine%20the%20demographic%20characteristics%20and%20mental%20health%20of%20women%20in%20rural%20Zambia%20who%20experienced%20physical%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20%28IPV%29%20postpartum.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EMETHODS%3A%20The%20present%20secondary%20analysis%20was%20conducted%20using%20baseline%20data%20from%20an%20impact%20evaluation%20of%20a%20maternity%20waiting%20home%20intervention%20in%20rural%20Zambia.%20A%20quantitative%20household%20survey%20was%20conducted%20over%206%20weeks%2C%20from%20mid-April%20to%20late%20May%2C%202016%2C%20at%2040%20rural%20health%20facility%20catchment%20areas%20among%202381%20postpartum%20women%20%2813%20months%20after%20delivery%3B%20age%20%5Cu226515%20years%29.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3ERESULTS%3A%20A%20total%20of%20192%20%288.1%25%29%20women%20reported%20experiencing%20any%20type%20of%20physical%20IPV%20in%20the%20preceding%202%20weeks%3B%20126%20had%20experienced%20severe%20physical%20IPV%20%28had%20been%20kicked%2C%20dragged%2C%20beat%2C%20and%5C%2For%20choked%20by%20a%20husband%20or%20partner%29.%20High%20levels%20of%20depression%20were%20recorded%20for%20174%20%287.3%25%29%20women%20in%20the%20preceding%202%20weeks.%20Being%20a%20female%20head%20of%20household%20was%20associated%20with%20an%20increased%20likelihood%20of%20experiencing%20severe%20physical%20IPV%20%28aOR%202.64%2C%2095%25%20CI%201.70-4.10%29.%20Women%20with%20high%20depression%20scores%20were%20also%20are%20increased%20risk%20of%20experiencing%20any%20physical%20IPV%20%28aOR%2017.1%2C%2095%25%20CI%208.44%20-%2034.9%29%20and%20severe%20physical%20IPV%20%28aOR%2015.4%2C%2095%25%20CI%205.17%20-%2045.9%29.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3ECONCLUSION%3A%20Future%20work%20should%20consider%20the%20implications%20of%20government%20and%20educational%20policies%20that%20could%20impact%20the%20screening%20and%20treatment%20of%20pregnant%20women%20affected%20by%20all%20forms%20of%20physical%20IPV%20and%20depression%20in%20rural%20Zambia.%20This%20article%20is%20protected%20by%20copyright.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EThis%20article%20is%20protected%20by%20copyright.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%3Cp%20%5C%2F%3E%20%5Cn%3Cp%3ELanguage%3A%20en%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fijgo.12654%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220020-7292%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.safetylit.org%5C%2Fcitations%5C%2Findex.php%3Ffuseaction%3Dcitations.viewdetails%26citationIds%5B%5D%3Dcitjournalarticle_591252_15%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A31%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XK3V4RBU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mathur%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMathur%2C%20S.%2C%20Okal%2C%20J.%2C%20Musheke%2C%20M.%2C%20Pilgrim%2C%20N.%2C%20Kishor%20Patel%2C%20S.%2C%20Bhattacharya%2C%20R.%2C%20Jani%2C%20N.%2C%20Matheka%2C%20J.%2C%20Banda%2C%20L.%2C%20Mulenga%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pulerwitz%2C%20J.%20%282018%29.%20High%20rates%20of%20sexual%20violence%20by%20both%20intimate%20and%20non-intimate%20partners%20experienced%20by%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia%3A%20findings%20around%20violence%20and%20other%20negative%20health%20outcomes.%20%3Ci%3EPLoS%20One%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20e0203929.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0203929%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0203929%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22High%20rates%20of%20sexual%20violence%20by%20both%20intimate%20and%20non-intimate%20partners%20experienced%20by%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia%3A%20findings%20around%20violence%20and%20other%20negative%20health%20outcomes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sanyukta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mathur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jerry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maurice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musheke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nanlesta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pilgrim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sangram%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kishor%20Patel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruchira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bhattacharya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nrupa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matheka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lunda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Drosin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mulenga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pulerwitz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20While%20links%20between%20intimate-partner%20violence%20%28IPV%29%20and%20HIV%20risk%20have%20been%20established%2C%20less%20is%20known%20about%20violence%20perpetrated%20by%20people%20other%20than%20intimate%20partners.%20In%20addition%2C%20much%20of%20the%20research%20on%20IPV%20has%20been%20conducted%20with%20adults%2C%20while%20relatively%20little%20is%20known%20about%20violence%20experienced%20by%20adolescent%20girls%20and%20young%20women%20%28AGYW%29.%20We%20examined%20experiences%20of%20sexual%20violence%20and%20associated%20sexual%20and%20mental%20health%20among%20AGYW%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Zambia.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EMETHODS%3A%20Using%20cross-sectional%20surveys%20with%20women%20aged%2015-24%20years%2C%20we%20assessed%20experience%20of%20partner%20sexual%20violence%20among%20respondents%20who%20reported%20a%20boyfriend%5C%2Fhusband%20in%20the%20last%2012%20months%20%28Kenya%20N%20%3D%20597%3B%20Zambia%20N%20%3D%20426%29%20and%20non-partner%20sexual%20violence%20among%20all%20respondents%20%28Kenya%20N%20%3D%201778%3B%20Zambia%20N%20%3D%201915%29.%20We%20conducted%20logistic%20regression%20analyses%20to%20examine%20experiences%20of%20sexual%20violence%20and%20health%20outcomes.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3ERESULTS%3A%20Sexual%20violence%20from%20intimate%20partners%20over%20the%20last%20year%20was%20reported%20by%2019.1%20percent%20of%20AGYW%20respondents%20in%20Kenya%20and%2022.2%20percent%20in%20Zambia%3B%20sexual%20violence%20from%20non-partners%20was%20reported%20by%2021.4%20percent%20in%20Kenya%20and%2016.9%20percent%20in%20Zambia.%20Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence%20was%20associated%20with%20negative%20health%20outcomes.%20Violence%20from%20non-partners%20was%20associated%20with%20increased%20odds%20of%20STI%20symptoms%20and%20increased%20levels%20of%20anxiety%20and%20depression.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3ERESULTS%20were%20similar%20for%20violence%20from%20partners%2C%20although%20only%20significant%20in%20Kenya.%20While%20sexual%20violence%20from%20a%20non-partner%20was%20associated%20with%20increased%20HIV%20risk%20perception%2C%20it%20was%20not%20associated%20when%20the%20violence%20was%20experienced%20from%20an%20intimate%20partner.%20%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3ECONCLUSIONS%3A%20AGYW%20reported%20high%20levels%20of%20sexual%20violence%20from%20both%20intimate%20partners%20and%20non-partners.%20These%20experiences%20were%20associated%20with%20negative%20health%20outcomes%2C%20though%20there%20were%20some%20differences%20by%20country%20context.%20Strengthening%20sexual%20violence%20prevention%20programs%2C%20increasing%20sexual%20violence%20screening%2C%20and%20expanding%20the%20provision%20of%20post-violence%20care%20are%20needed%20to%20reduce%20intimate%20and%20non-partner%20violence%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20violence%20on%20AGYW.%3Cp%20%5C%2F%3E%20%5Cn%3Cp%3ELanguage%3A%20en%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0203929%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.safetylit.org%5C%2Fcitations%5C%2Findex.php%3Ffuseaction%3Dcitations.viewdetails%26citationIds%5B%5D%3Dcitjournalarticle_592884_20%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A30%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VPZ5GPVB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chelwa%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChelwa%2C%20N.%2C%20Hemal%2C%20Kshipra%2C%20Phiri%2C%20George%20Msipu%2C%20Mbizvo%2C%20Michael%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Chi-Chi%2C%20U.%20%282017%29.%20%3Ci%3EEnhancing%20access%20to%20post-rape%20care%20for%20child%20survivors%20in%20the%20context%20of%20police%20and%20health%20services%20in%20Zambia%3A%20A%20feasibility%20assessment%20of%20a%20police%20response%20model.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Population%20Council.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2F2017RH_PoliceResponseSGBV-Zambia.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2F2017RH_PoliceResponseSGBV-Zambia.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Enhancing%20access%20to%20post-rape%20care%20for%20child%20survivors%20in%20the%20context%20of%20police%20and%20health%20services%20in%20Zambia%3A%20A%20feasibility%20assessment%20of%20a%20police%20response%20model.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nachela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chelwa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%2C%20Kshipra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hemal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%2C%20George%20Msipu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phiri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%2C%20Michael%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mbizvo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Undie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chi-Chi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Population%20Council%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.popcouncil.org%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2F2017RH_PoliceResponseSGBV-Zambia.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T10%3A56%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RESD3WSB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Oldenburg%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOldenburg%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Ortblad%2C%20K.%20F.%2C%20Chanda%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Mwanda%2C%20K.%2C%20Nicodemus%2C%20W.%2C%20Sikaundi%2C%20R.%2C%20Fullem%2C%20A.%2C%20Barresi%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Harling%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20B%26%23xE4%3Brnighausen%2C%20T.%20%282017%29.%20Zambian%20Peer%20Educators%20for%20HIV%20Self-Testing%20%28ZEST%29%20study%3A%20rationale%20and%20design%20of%20a%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%20of%20HIV%20self-testing%20among%20female%20sex%20workers%20in%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3EBMJ%20Open%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20e014780.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2016-014780%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2016-014780%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zambian%20Peer%20Educators%20for%20HIV%20Self-Testing%20%28ZEST%29%20study%3A%20rationale%20and%20design%20of%20a%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%20of%20HIV%20self-testing%20among%20female%20sex%20workers%20in%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oldenburg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katrina%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortblad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chanda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kalasa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mwanda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicodemus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikaundi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fullem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leah%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barresi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Till%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B%5Cu00e4rnighausen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20HIV%20testing%20and%20knowledge%20of%20status%20are%20starting%20points%20for%20HIV%20treatment%20and%20prevention%20interventions.%20Among%20female%20sex%20workers%20%28FSWs%29%2C%20HIV%20testing%20and%20status%20knowledge%20remain%20far%20from%20universal.%20HIV%20self-testing%20%28HIVST%29%20is%20an%20alternative%20to%20existing%20testing%20services%20for%20FSWs%2C%20but%20little%20evidence%20exists%20how%20it%20can%20be%20effectively%20and%20safely%20implemented.%20Here%2C%20we%20describe%20the%20rationale%20and%20design%20of%20a%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%20designed%20to%20inform%20implementation%20and%20scale-up%20of%20HIVST%20programmes%20for%20FSWs%20in%20Zambia.%5CnMethods%20The%20Zambian%20Peer%20Educators%20for%20HIV%20Self-Testing%20%28ZEST%29%20study%20is%20a%203-arm%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%20taking%20place%20in%203%20towns%20in%20Zambia.%20Participants%20%28N%3D900%29%20are%20eligible%20if%20they%20are%20women%20who%20have%20exchanged%20sex%20for%20money%20or%20goods%20in%20the%20previous%201%20month%2C%20are%20HIV%20negative%20or%20status%20unknown%2C%20have%20not%20tested%20for%20HIV%20in%20the%20previous%203%20months%2C%20and%20are%20at%20least%2018%20years%20old.%20Participants%20are%20recruited%20by%20peer%20educators%20working%20in%20their%20communities.%20Participants%20are%20randomised%20to%201%20of%203%20arms%3A%20%281%29%20direct%20distribution%20%28in%20which%20they%20receive%20an%20HIVST%20from%20the%20peer%20educator%20directly%29%3B%20%282%29%20fixed%20distribution%20%28in%20which%20they%20receive%20a%20coupon%20with%20which%20to%20collect%20the%20HIVST%20from%20a%20drug%20store%20or%20health%20post%29%20or%20%283%29%20standard%20of%20care%20%28referral%20to%20existing%20HIV%20testing%20services%20only%2C%20without%20any%20offer%20of%20HIVST%29.%20Participants%20are%20followed%20at%201%20and%204%20months%20following%20distribution%20of%20the%20first%20HIVST.%20The%20primary%20end%20point%20is%20HIV%20testing%20in%20the%20past%20month%20measured%20at%20the%201-month%20and%204-month%20visits.%5CnEthics%20and%20dissemination%20This%20study%20was%20approved%20by%20the%20Institutional%20Review%20Boards%20at%20the%20Harvard%20T.H.%20Chan%20School%20of%20Public%20Health%20in%20Boston%2C%20USA%20and%20ERES%20Converge%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia.%20The%20findings%20of%20this%20trial%20will%20be%20presented%20at%20local%2C%20regional%20and%20international%20meetings%20and%20submitted%20to%20peer-reviewed%20journals%20for%20publication.%5CnTrial%20registration%20number%20Pre-results%3B%20NCT02827240.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F04%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2016-014780%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222044-6055%2C%202044-6055%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F7%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe014780%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A32%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M3GICUCE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hampanda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-03-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHampanda%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Nimz%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Abuogi%2C%20L.%20L.%20%282017%29.%20Barriers%20to%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20in%20Zambia%3A%20the%20role%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20HIV%20status%20disclosure%20within%20couples.%20%3Ci%3EAIDS%20Research%20and%20Therapy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2017.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12981-017-0142-2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12981-017-0142-2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Barriers%20to%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20in%20Zambia%3A%20the%20role%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20HIV%20status%20disclosure%20within%20couples%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hampanda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abigail%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nimz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisa%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abuogi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Early%20detection%20of%20pediatric%20HIV%20through%20uptake%20of%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20is%20critical%20for%20access%20to%20treatment%20and%20child%20survival.%20While%20structural%20barriers%20have%20been%20well%20described%2C%20a%20greater%20understanding%20of%20social%20and%20behavioral%20factors%20that%20may%20relate%20to%20maternal%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20services%20is%20urgently%20needed.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20explore%20how%20gender%20power%20dynamics%20within%20couples%20affect%20HIV-positive%20women%27s%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20at%20a%20large%20health%20center%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20In%202014%2C%20320%20HIV-positive%20married%20postpartum%20women%20were%20recruited%20at%20a%20large%20public%20health%20facility%20in%20Lusaka%20to%20participate%20in%20a%20cross-sectional%20survey.%20Data%20on%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%5Cu00a0testing%20by%204-6%5Cu00a0weeks%20of%20age%20was%20collected%20through%20medical%20records.%20Simple%20and%20multiple%20logistic%20regression%20models%20determined%20significant%20predictors%20of%20maternal%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20In%20the%20adjusted%20model%2C%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing%20was%20associated%20with%20female-directed%20emotional%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20%28aOR%200.41%3B%2095%25%20CI%200.21-0.79%3B%20p%5Cu00a0%3C%5Cu00a00.01%29%2C%20HIV%20status%20disclosure%20to%20the%20male%20partner%20%28aOR%2013.73%2C%2095%25%20CI%203.59-52.49%2C%20p%5Cu00a0%3C%5Cu00a00.001%29%2C%20and%20maternal%20postpartum%20ART%20adherence%20%28aOR%202.28%2C%2095%25%20CI%201.15-4.55%2C%20p%5Cu00a0%3C%5Cu00a00.05%29.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Domestic%20relationship%20dynamics%2C%20including%20emotional%20violence%20and%20HIV%20status%20disclosure%20to%20the%20male%20partner%2C%20may%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20maternal%20uptake%20of%20early%20infant%20HIV%20testing.%20These%20findings%20provide%20additional%20evidence%20for%20the%20link%20between%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20against%20women%20and%20poor%20HIV-related%20health%20outcomes.%20Programs%20that%20adequately%20screen%20for%20and%20address%20various%20forms%20of%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20within%20the%20context%20of%20prevention%20of%20mother-to-child%20transmission%20are%20recommended.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-03-21%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12981-017-0142-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221742-6405%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F28320431%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A33%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I4CMZZF8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sand%5Cu00f8y%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-12-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESand%26%23xF8%3By%2C%20I.%20F.%2C%20Mudenda%2C%20M.%2C%20Zulu%2C%20J.%2C%20Munsaka%2C%20E.%2C%20Blystad%2C%20A.%2C%20Makasa%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20M%26%23xE6%3Bstad%2C%20O.%2C%20Tungodden%2C%20B.%2C%20Jacobs%2C%20C.%2C%20Kampata%2C%20L.%2C%20Fylkesnes%2C%20K.%2C%20Svanemyr%2C%20J.%2C%20Moland%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Banda%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Musonda%2C%20P.%20%282016%29.%20Effectiveness%20of%20a%20girls%26%23x2019%3B%20empowerment%20programme%20on%20early%20childbearing%2C%20marriage%20and%20school%20dropout%20among%20adolescent%20girls%20in%20rural%20Zambia%3A%20study%20protocol%20for%20a%20cluster%20randomized%20trial.%20%3Ci%3ETrials%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20588.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs13063-016-1682-9%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs13063-016-1682-9%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effectiveness%20of%20a%20girls%27%20empowerment%20programme%20on%20early%20childbearing%2C%20marriage%20and%20school%20dropout%20among%20adolescent%20girls%20in%20rural%20Zambia%3A%20study%20protocol%20for%20a%20cluster%20randomized%20trial%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ingvild%20Fossgard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sand%5Cu00f8y%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mweetwa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mudenda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zulu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ecloss%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Munsaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Astrid%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blystad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mpundu%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Makasa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ottar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e6stad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bertil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tungodden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Choolwe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacobs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kampata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fylkesnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Svanemyr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musonda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Adolescent%20pregnancies%20pose%20a%20risk%20to%20the%20young%20mothers%20and%20their%20babies.%20In%20Zambia%2C%2035%25%20of%20young%20girls%20in%20rural%20areas%20have%20given%20birth%20by%20the%20age%20of%2018%20years.%20Pregnancy%20rates%20are%20particularly%20high%20among%20out-of-school%20girls.%20Poverty%2C%20low%20enrolment%20in%20secondary%20school%2C%20myths%20and%20community%20norms%20all%20contribute%20to%20early%20childbearing.%20This%20protocol%20describes%20a%20trial%20aiming%20to%20measure%20the%20effect%20on%20early%20childbearing%20rates%20in%20a%20rural%20Zambian%20context%20of%20%281%29%20economic%20support%20to%20girls%20and%20their%20families%2C%20and%20%282%29%20combining%20economic%20support%20with%20a%20community%20intervention%20to%20enhance%20knowledge%20about%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health%20and%20supportive%20community%20norms.%5CnMETHODS%5C%2FDESIGN%3A%20This%20cluster%20randomized%20controlled%20trial%20%28CRCT%29%20will%20have%20three%20arms.%20The%20clusters%20are%20rural%20schools%20with%20surrounding%20communities.%20Approximately%204900%20girls%20in%20grade%207%20in%202016%20will%20be%20recruited%20from%20157%20schools%20in%2012%20districts.%20In%20one%20intervention%20arm%2C%20participating%20girls%20and%20their%20guardians%20will%20be%20offered%20cash%20transfers%20and%20payment%20of%20school%20fees.%20In%20the%20second%20intervention%20arm%2C%20there%20will%20be%20both%20economic%20support%20and%20a%20community%20intervention.%20The%20interventions%20will%20be%20implemented%20for%20approximately%202%20years.%20The%20final%20survey%20will%20be%204.5%20years%20after%20recruitment.%20The%20primary%20outcomes%20will%20be%20%5C%22incidence%20of%20births%20within%208%20months%20of%20the%20end%20of%20the%20intervention%20period%5C%22%2C%20%5C%22incidence%20of%20births%20before%20girls%27%2018th%20birthday%5C%22%20and%20%5C%22proportion%20of%20girls%20who%20sit%20for%20the%20grade%209%20exam%5C%22.%20Final%20survey%20interviewers%20will%20be%20unaware%20of%20the%20intervention%20status%20of%20respondents.%20Analysis%20will%20be%20by%20intention-to-treat%20and%20adjusted%20for%20cluster%20design%20and%20confounders.%20Qualitative%20process%20evaluation%20will%20be%20conducted.%5CnDISCUSSION%3A%20This%20is%20the%20first%20CRCT%20to%20measure%20the%20effect%20of%20combining%20economic%20support%20with%20a%20community%20intervention%20to%20prevent%20adolescent%20childbearing%20in%20a%20low-%20or%20middle-income%20country.%20We%20have%20designed%20a%20programme%20that%20will%20be%20sustainable%20and%20feasible%20to%20scale%20up.%20The%20findings%20will%20be%20relevant%20for%20programmes%20for%20adolescent%20reproductive%20health%20in%20Zambia%20and%20similar%20contexts.%5CnTRIAL%20REGISTRATION%3A%20ISRCTN%20registry%3A%20ISRCTN12727868%20%2C%20%284%20March%202016%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-12-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs13063-016-1682-9%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221745-6215%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A34%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N66KS3PM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hewett%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-08-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHewett%2C%20P.%20C.%2C%20Nalubamba%2C%20M.%2C%20Bozzani%2C%20F.%2C%20Digitale%2C%20J.%2C%20Vu%2C%20L.%2C%20Yam%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nambao%2C%20M.%20%282016%29.%20Randomized%20evaluation%20and%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20HIV%20and%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health%20service%20referral%20and%20linkage%20models%20in%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E16%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20785.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-016-3450-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-016-3450-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Randomized%20evaluation%20and%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20HIV%20and%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health%20service%20referral%20and%20linkage%20models%20in%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hewett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mutinta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nalubamba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fiammetta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bozzani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Digitale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lung%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eileen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nambao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Provision%20of%20HIV%20prevention%20and%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health%20services%20in%20Zambia%20is%20largely%20characterized%20by%20discrete%20service%20provision%20with%20weak%20client%20referral%20and%20linkage.%20The%20literature%20reveals%20gaps%20in%20the%20continuity%20of%20care%20for%20HIV%20and%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health.%20This%20study%20assessed%20whether%20improved%20service%20delivery%20models%20increased%20the%20uptake%20and%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20HIV%20and%20sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health%20services.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-08-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12889-016-3450-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2458%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-016-3450-x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A35%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TA3K9MCX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hampanda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHampanda%2C%20K.%20M.%20%282016%29.%20Intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20HIV-positive%20women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20non-adherence%20to%20antiretroviral%20medication%20for%20the%20purpose%20of%20prevention%20of%20mother-to-child%20transmission%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3ESocial%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E153%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20123%26%23x2013%3B130.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2016.02.011%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2016.02.011%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20HIV-positive%20women%27s%20non-adherence%20to%20antiretroviral%20medication%20for%20the%20purpose%20of%20prevention%20of%20mother-to-child%20transmission%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hampanda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnPrevention%20of%20mother-to-child%20transmission%20%28PMTCT%29%20depends%20critically%20on%20HIV-positive%20women%27s%20adherence%20to%20antiretroviral%20drugs%20during%20and%20after%20pregnancy.%20Adherence%20among%20pregnant%20and%20breastfeeding%20women%20remains%20a%20challenge%20across%20sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20Power%20dynamics%20within%20couples%2C%20such%20as%20intimate%20partner%20violence%2C%20has%20largely%20been%20neglected%20in%20research%20regarding%20PMTCT%20adherence.%5CnObjective%5CnThis%20study%20aims%20to%20determine%20if%20there%20is%20a%20relationship%20between%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20non-adherence%20to%20PMTCT.%5CnMethods%5CnIn%202014%2C%20using%20a%20verbally%20administered%20cross-sectional%20survey%20at%20a%20large%20public%20health%20clinic%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia%2C%20320%20HIV-positive%20postpartum%20women%2C%20who%20were%20currently%20married%20or%20living%20with%20a%20man%2C%20provided%20information%20on%20their%20drug%20adherence%20during%20and%20after%20pregnancy%2C%20as%20well%20as%20relationship%20dynamics.%20Adherence%20was%20defined%20as%20the%20woman%20reporting%20she%20took%20or%20gave%20to%20the%20infant%20at%20least%2080%25%20of%20prescribed%20medication%20doses.%5CnResults%5CnExperiencing%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20was%20associated%20with%20decreased%20odds%20of%20adherence%20to%20PMTCT%20during%20and%20after%20pregnancy.%20Different%20forms%20of%20violence%20affected%20PMTCT%20adherence%20differentially.%20Physical%20violence%20had%20a%20less%20pronounced%20effect%20on%20non-adherence%20than%20emotional%20and%20sexual%20violence.%20A%20dose%5Cu2013response%20relationship%20between%20intimate%20partner%20violence%20and%20non-adherence%20was%20also%20observed.%5CnConclusions%5CnIntimate%20partner%20violence%20is%20associated%20with%20non-adherence%20to%20PMTCT%20during%20and%20after%20pregnancy%2C%20which%20deserves%20increased%20attention%20in%20the%20effort%20to%20eliminate%20mother-to-child%20transmission%20of%20HIV.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.socscimed.2016.02.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220277-9536%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0277953616300661%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A34%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BJHVQZAM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Michalopoulos%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-04-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMichalopoulos%2C%20L.%20T.%20M.%2C%20Murray%2C%20L.%20K.%2C%20Kane%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Wyk%2C%20S.%20S.%20van%2C%20Chomba%2C%20E.%2C%20Cohen%2C%20J.%2C%20Imasiku%2C%20M.%2C%20Semrau%2C%20K.%2C%20Unick%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bolton%2C%20P.%20A.%20%282015%29.%20Testing%20the%20Validity%20and%20Reliability%20of%20the%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20among%20Sexually%20Abused%20Girls%20in%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3EPLOS%20ONE%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20e0123820.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0123820%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0123820%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20the%20Validity%20and%20Reliability%20of%20the%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20among%20Sexually%20Abused%20Girls%20in%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lynn%20T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michalopoulos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeremy%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephanie%20Skavenski%20van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elwyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chomba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judith%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mwiya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Imasiku%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Semrau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Unick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bolton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Purpose%20The%20aim%20of%20the%20current%20study%20is%20to%20test%20the%20validity%20and%20reliability%20of%20the%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20among%20traumatized%20girls%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia.%20Methods%20The%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20was%20validated%20through%20both%20classical%20test%20and%20item%20response%20theory%20methods.%20Internal%20reliability%2C%20criterion%20validity%20and%20construct%20validity%20were%20examined%20among%20a%20sample%20of%20325%20female%20children%20living%20in%20Zambia.%20Sub-analyses%20were%20conducted%20to%20examine%20differences%20in%20construct%20validity%20among%20girls%20who%20reported%20sexual%20abuse%20and%20girls%20who%20did%20not.%20Results%20All%20girls%20in%20the%20sample%20were%20sexually%20abused%2C%20but%20only%2061.5%25%20endorsed%20or%20reported%20that%20sexual%20abuse%20had%20occurred.%20Internal%20consistency%20was%20very%20good%20among%20the%20sample%20with%20alpha%20%3D%20.87.%20Criterion%20validity%20was%20demonstrated%20through%20a%20significant%20difference%20of%20mean%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20scores%20between%20girls%20who%20experienced%200%5Cu20131%20trauma%20events%20and%20more%20than%20one%20traumatic%20event%2C%20with%20higher%20mean%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20scores%20among%20girls%20who%20had%20more%20than%20one%20traumatic%20event%20%28p%20%3D%20.004%20for%200%5Cu20131%20compared%20to%202%20and%203%20events%20and%20p%20%3D%20.016%20for%200%5Cu20131%20compared%20to%204%2B%20events%29.%20Girls%20who%20reported%20a%20history%20of%20witnessing%20or%20experiencing%20physical%20abuse%20had%20a%20significantly%20higher%20mean%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20score%20than%20girls%20who%20did%20not%20report%20a%20history%20of%20witnessing%20or%20experiencing%20physical%20abuse%20%28p%3C.0001%29.%20There%20was%20no%20significant%20difference%20in%20mean%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20score%20between%20girls%20who%20reported%20a%20sexual%20abuse%20history%20and%20girls%20who%20did%20not.%20Exploratory%20factor%20analysis%20indicated%20a%20two-factor%20model%20of%20the%20Shame%20Questionnaire%2C%20with%20an%20experience%20of%20shame%20dimension%20and%20an%20active%20outcomes%20of%20shame%20dimension.%20Item%20response%20theory%20analysis%20indicated%20adequate%20overall%20item%20fit.%20Results%20also%20indicate%20potential%20differences%20in%20construct%20validity%20between%20girls%20who%20did%20and%20did%20not%20endorse%20sexual%20abuse.%20Conclusions%20This%20study%20suggests%20the%20general%20utility%20of%20the%20Shame%20Questionnaire%20among%20Zambian%20girls%20and%20demonstrates%20the%20need%20for%20more%20psychometric%20studies%20in%20low%20and%20middle%20income%20countries.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2216%20Apr%202015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0123820%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.plos.org%5C%2Fplosone%5C%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0123820%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A36%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C6MR4C6S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zama%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZama%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Dennis%2C%20M.%2C%20Price%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Topp%2C%20S.%20%282015%29.%20Assessing%20the%20feasibility%20of%20police%20initiation%20of%20HIV%20post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20for%20sexual%20violence%20survivors%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia.%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Proceedings%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28S4%29%2C%20A3%2C%201753-6561-9-S4-A3.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1753-6561-9-S4-A3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1753-6561-9-S4-A3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20the%20feasibility%20of%20police%20initiation%20of%20HIV%20post-exposure%20prophylaxis%20for%20sexual%20violence%20survivors%20in%20Lusaka%2C%20Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mardieh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dennis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Topp%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1753-6561-9-S4-A3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221753-6561%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmcproc.biomedcentral.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1753-6561-9-S4-A3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MDNXTW5T%22%2C%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-04T08%3A21%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PB58RJ3Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22DOROTHEA%20S.%20CLARKE%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDOROTHEA%20S.%20CLARKE.%20%282012%29.%20%3Ci%3E%5C%22They%20are%20destroying%20our%20futures%26%23x201D%3B.%20Sexual%20violence%20against%20girls%20in%20Zambia%26%23x2019%3Bs%20schools.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Women%20and%20Law%20in%20Southern%20Africa-Zambia%2C%20Avon%20Global%20Center%20for%20Women%20and%20Justice%20at%20Cornell%20Law%20School%20and%20Cornell%20Law%20School%20International%20Human%20Rights%20Clinic.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.lawschool.cornell.edu%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2020%5C%2F12%5C%2FThey-are-Destroying-our-Futures_-Sexual-Violence-Against-Girls.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.lawschool.cornell.edu%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2020%5C%2F12%5C%2FThey-are-Destroying-our-Futures_-Sexual-Violence-Against-Girls.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5C%22They%20are%20destroying%20our%20futures%5Cu201d.%20Sexual%20violence%20against%20girls%20in%20Zambia%5Cu2019s%20schools.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22DOROTHEA%20S.%20CLARKE%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Women%20and%20Law%20in%20Southern%20Africa-Zambia%2C%20Avon%20Global%20Center%20for%20Women%20and%20Justice%20at%20Cornell%20Law%20School%20and%20Cornell%20Law%20School%20International%20Human%20Rights%20Clinic%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22OCTOBER%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.lawschool.cornell.edu%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2020%5C%2F12%5C%2FThey-are-Destroying-our-Futures_-Sexual-Violence-Against-Girls.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A03%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S5ABSZSZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brown%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrown%2C%20D.%20W.%2C%20Riley%2C%20L.%2C%20Butchart%2C%20A.%2C%20Meddings%2C%20D.%20R.%2C%20Kann%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Harvey%2C%20A.%20P.%20%282009%29.%20Exposure%20to%20physical%20and%20sexual%20violence%20and%20adverse%20health%20behaviours%20in%20African%20children%3A%20results%20from%20the%20Global%20School-based%20student%20health%20survey%5C%2FExposition%20a%20des%20violences%20physiques%20et%20sexuelles%20et%20comportements%20prejudiciables%20a%20la%20sante%20chez%20les%20enfants%20africains%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20resultats%20de%20l%26%23x2019%3BEnquete%20mondiale%20sur%20les%20comportements%20de%20sante%20des%20enfants%20d%26%23x2019%3Bage%20scolaire%5C%2FExposicion%20a%20violencia%20fisica%20y%20sexual%20...%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20World%20Health%20Organization%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E87%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20447%26%23x2013%3B456.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgo.gale.com%5C%2Fps%5C%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00429686%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA203953835%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgo.gale.com%5C%2Fps%5C%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00429686%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA203953835%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exposure%20to%20physical%20and%20sexual%20violence%20and%20adverse%20health%20behaviours%20in%20African%20children%3A%20results%20from%20the%20Global%20School-based%20student%20health%20survey%5C%2FExposition%20a%20des%20violences%20physiques%20et%20sexuelles%20et%20comportements%20prejudiciables%20a%20la%20sante%20chez%20les%20enfants%20africains%20%3A%20resultats%20de%20l%27Enquete%20mondiale%20sur%20les%20comportements%20de%20sante%20des%20enfants%20d%27age%20scolaire%5C%2FExposicion%20a%20violencia%20fisica%20y%20sexual%20...%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Butchart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meddings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alison%20Phinney%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvey%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Cem%3EGale%3C%5C%2Fem%3E%20Academic%20OneFile%20includes%20Exposure%20to%20physical%20and%20sexual%20violence%20and%20adverse%20he%20by%20David%20W.%20Brown%2C%20Leanne%20Riley%2C%20Alexander.%20Click%20to%20explore.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%5C%2F06%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200429686%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgo.gale.com%5C%2Fps%5C%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00429686%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA203953835%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A38%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EQERBWHF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hindin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHindin%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Kishor%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Donna%20L.%20Ansara%20Michelle%20J.%20Hindin%2C%20Sunita%20Kishor%2C%20and%20Donna%20L.%20Ansara.%20%282008%29.%20%3Ci%3EIntimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20couples%20in%2010%20DHS%20countries.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20USAID.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Intimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20couples%20in%2010%20DHS%20countries.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michelle%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hindin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kishor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Donna%20L.%20Ansara%20Michelle%20J.%20Hindin%2C%20Sunita%20Kishor%2C%20and%20Donna%20L.%20Ansara%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22USAID%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B4G38HJ3%22%2C%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-04T08%3A24%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G2EEUBHT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Ci%3EIntimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20couples%20in%2010%20DHS%20countries.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%282008%29.%20USAID.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Intimate%20partner%20violence%20among%20couples%20in%2010%20DHS%20countries.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22USAID%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdhsprogram.com%5C%2Fpubs%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FAS18%5C%2FAS18.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A26%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229NNUFVTA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22LUSAKA%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELUSAKA.%20%282008%29.%20%3Ci%3EZambia%3A%20National%20Action%20Plan%20on%20Gender-Based%20Violence%20%28NAP-GBV%29.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-07-20%5C%2FZambia%2520GBV.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-07-20%5C%2FZambia%2520GBV.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zambia%3A%20National%20Action%20Plan%20on%20Gender-Based%20Violence%20%28NAP-GBV%29.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22LUSAKA%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.svri.org%5C%2Fsites%5C%2Fdefault%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fattachments%5C%2F2016-07-20%5C%2FZambia%2520GBV.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UJC6IT4C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Africa%5Cu2019s%20Health%20in%202010%2C%20USAID%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAfrica%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Health%20in%202010%2C%20USAID.%20%282008%29.%20%3Ci%3EGender-based%20violence%20in%20sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20A%20review%20of%20Demographic%20and%20Health%20Survey%20findings%20and%20their%20use%20in%20National%20Planning.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Africa%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Health%20in%202010%2C%20USAID.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fgender-based-violence-sub-saharan-africa-review-demographic-and-health-survey-findings-and%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fgender-based-violence-sub-saharan-africa-review-demographic-and-health-survey-findings-and%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Gender-based%20violence%20in%20sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20A%20review%20of%20Demographic%20and%20Health%20Survey%20findings%20and%20their%20use%20in%20National%20Planning.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Africa%5Cu2019s%20Health%20in%202010%2C%20USAID%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Africa%5Cu2019s%20Health%20in%202010%2C%20USAID%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%5C%2Fevent%5C%2Fgender-based-violence-sub-saharan-africa-review-demographic-and-health-survey-findings-and%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FAH7J2BU%22%2C%22B4G38HJ3%22%2C%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-04T08%3A24%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PCGK5BB3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Human%20Rights%20Watch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-12-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHuman%20Rights%20Watch.%20%282007%29.%20%3Ci%3EHidden%20in%20the%20mealie%20meal.%20Gender-based%20abuses%20and%20women%26%23x2019%3Bs%20HIV%20treatment%20in%20Zambia%2C%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Human%20Rights%20Watch.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.refworld.org%5C%2Fcgi-bin%5C%2Ftexis%5C%2Fvtx%5C%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D4768e6292%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.refworld.org%5C%2Fcgi-bin%5C%2Ftexis%5C%2Fvtx%5C%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D4768e6292%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hidden%20in%20the%20mealie%20meal.%20Gender-based%20abuses%20and%20women%27s%20HIV%20treatment%20in%20Zambia%2C%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Human%20Rights%20Watch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Human%20Rights%20Watch%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2218%20December%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.refworld.org%5C%2Fcgi-bin%5C%2Ftexis%5C%2Fvtx%5C%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D4768e6292%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A28%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N4Q43XZP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9542089%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Ci%3EZambia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20October%2028%2C%202022%2C%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fafrica%5C%2Fzambia%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fafrica%5C%2Fzambia%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zambia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fevaw-global-database.unwomen.org%5C%2Fen%5C%2Fcountries%5C%2Fafrica%5C%2Fzambia%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RH29KUGJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T11%3A48%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Laurenzi, C., Mwamba, C., Busakhwe, C., Mutambo, C., Mupakile, E., & Toska, E. (2024). Social scripts of violence among adolescent girls and young women in Zambia: Exploring how gender norms and social expectations are activated in the aftermath of violence. Social Science & Medicine, 356, 117133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117133
Moon, C., Lim, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Domestic violence towards children in Kenya and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 221, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.05.008
Phiri, M., Namayawa, S., Sianyeuka, B., Sikanyiti, P., & Lemba, M. (2023). Determinants of spousal physical violence against women in Zambia: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 23, 934. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15927-x
Kok, M. C., Kakal, T., Kassegne, A. B., Hidayana, I. M., Munthali, A., Menon, J. A., Pires, P., Gitau, T., & van der Kwaak, A. (2023). Drivers of child marriage in specific settings of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia – findings from the Yes I Do! baseline study. BMC Public Health, 23, 794. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15697-6
Nguyen, K. H., Padilla, M., Villaveces, A., Patel, P., Atuchukwu, V., Onotu, D., Apondi, R., Aluzimbi, G., Chipimo, P., Kancheya, N., & Kress, H. (2019). Coerced and forced sexual initiation and its association with negative health outcomes among youth: Results from the Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia Violence Against Children Surveys. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104074
Jill Keesbury, Mary Zama, & Sudha Shreeniwas. (2019). The copperbelt model of integrated care for survivors of rape and defilement: Testing the feasibility of police provision of emergency contraceptive pills. Population Council. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/182/
Luisa Natali; Fidelia Dake. (2019). Innocenti research brief: exploring the potential of cash transfers to delay early marriage and pregnancy among youth in Malawi and Zambia. Unicef. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/1018-exploring-potential-of-cash-transfers-to-delay-early-marriage-pregnancy-malawi-zambia.html
o Dr. Chabila C. Mapoma, Mr. Iven Sikanyiti, Mr. Nkuye Moyo. (2018). Violence against Children in Zambia: Findings from a national survey, 2014. https://www.unicef.org/zambia/sites/unicef.org.zambia/files/2018-11/Binder%20EMAIL%20thursday%20NEW.pdf
Munro-Kramer, M. L., Scott, N., Boyd, C. J., Veliz, P. T., Murray, S. M., Musonda, G., & Lori, J. R. (2018). Postpartum physical intimate partner violence among women in rural Zambia. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 143(2), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12654
Mathur, S., Okal, J., Musheke, M., Pilgrim, N., Kishor Patel, S., Bhattacharya, R., Jani, N., Matheka, J., Banda, L., Mulenga, D., & Pulerwitz, J. (2018). High rates of sexual violence by both intimate and non-intimate partners experienced by adolescent girls and young women in Kenya and Zambia: findings around violence and other negative health outcomes. PLoS One, 13(9), e0203929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203929
Chelwa, N., Hemal, Kshipra, Phiri, George Msipu, Mbizvo, Michael T., & Chi-Chi, U. (2017). Enhancing access to post-rape care for child survivors in the context of police and health services in Zambia: A feasibility assessment of a police response model. Population Council. https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2017RH_PoliceResponseSGBV-Zambia.pdf
Oldenburg, C. E., Ortblad, K. F., Chanda, M. M., Mwanda, K., Nicodemus, W., Sikaundi, R., Fullem, A., Barresi, L. G., Harling, G., & Bärnighausen, T. (2017). Zambian Peer Educators for HIV Self-Testing (ZEST) study: rationale and design of a cluster randomised trial of HIV self-testing among female sex workers in Zambia. BMJ Open, 7(4), e014780. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014780
Hampanda, K. M., Nimz, A. M., & Abuogi, L. L. (2017). Barriers to uptake of early infant HIV testing in Zambia: the role of intimate partner violence and HIV status disclosure within couples. AIDS Research and Therapy, 14(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-017-0142-2
Sandøy, I. F., Mudenda, M., Zulu, J., Munsaka, E., Blystad, A., Makasa, M. C., Mæstad, O., Tungodden, B., Jacobs, C., Kampata, L., Fylkesnes, K., Svanemyr, J., Moland, K. M., Banda, R., & Musonda, P. (2016). Effectiveness of a girls’ empowerment programme on early childbearing, marriage and school dropout among adolescent girls in rural Zambia: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Trials, 17(1), 588. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1682-9
Hewett, P. C., Nalubamba, M., Bozzani, F., Digitale, J., Vu, L., Yam, E., & Nambao, M. (2016). Randomized evaluation and cost-effectiveness of HIV and sexual and reproductive health service referral and linkage models in Zambia. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 785. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3450-x
Hampanda, K. M. (2016). Intimate partner violence and HIV-positive women’s non-adherence to antiretroviral medication for the purpose of prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Lusaka, Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.011
Michalopoulos, L. T. M., Murray, L. K., Kane, J. C., Wyk, S. S. van, Chomba, E., Cohen, J., Imasiku, M., Semrau, K., Unick, J., & Bolton, P. A. (2015). Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Shame Questionnaire among Sexually Abused Girls in Zambia. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0123820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123820
Zama, M. T., Dennis, M., Price, J., & Topp, S. (2015). Assessing the feasibility of police initiation of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis for sexual violence survivors in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Proceedings, 9(S4), A3, 1753-6561-9-S4-A3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-9-S4-A3
DOROTHEA S. CLARKE. (2012). "They are destroying our futures”. Sexual violence against girls in Zambia’s schools. Women and Law in Southern Africa-Zambia, Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School and Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic. https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/They-are-Destroying-our-Futures_-Sexual-Violence-Against-Girls.pdf
Brown, D. W., Riley, L., Butchart, A., Meddings, D. R., Kann, L., & Harvey, A. P. (2009). Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based student health survey/Exposition a des violences physiques et sexuelles et comportements prejudiciables a la sante chez les enfants africains : resultats de l’Enquete mondiale sur les comportements de sante des enfants d’age scolaire/Exposicion a violencia fisica y sexual ... Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(6), 447–456. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00429686&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA203953835&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs
Hindin, M. J., Kishor, S., & Donna L. Ansara Michelle J. Hindin, Sunita Kishor, and Donna L. Ansara. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10 DHS countries. USAID. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/AS18/AS18.pdf
Intimate partner violence among couples in 10 DHS countries. (2008). USAID. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/AS18/AS18.pdf
LUSAKA. (2008). Zambia: National Action Plan on Gender-Based Violence (NAP-GBV). https://www.svri.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2016-07-20/Zambia%20GBV.pdf
Africa’s Health in 2010, USAID. (2008). Gender-based violence in sub-Saharan Africa. A review of Demographic and Health Survey findings and their use in National Planning. Africa’s Health in 2010, USAID. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/gender-based-violence-sub-saharan-africa-review-demographic-and-health-survey-findings-and
Human Rights Watch. (2007). Hidden in the mealie meal. Gender-based abuses and women’s HIV treatment in Zambia,. Human Rights Watch. https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4768e6292
Zambia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/africa/zambia